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QUESTION BANK
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION
SUBJECT CODE: CL7103
SUBJECT NAME: SYSTEM THEORY
SEMESTER: I/ME(C&I)
PREPARED BY: Ms.V.Mangaiyarkarasi A.P/EIE
UNIT-I
STATE VARIABLE REPRESENTATION
PART-A
1. For the MIMO system: 1 3 1
2
1
2 4 2 3 2
2
How many independent state variables would describe the system completely? What
is yourchoice of state variables?
2. Given the system
4
2 , construct the Controllable
2
4
Canonical Form
3. Define state and state equation for a system.
4. Find out the state model of simple series RLC circuit.
5. What are the conditions to be satisfied for the system to be linear?
6. What is the state trajectory of the system? Explain.
7. Write the state model of nth order system.
8. Explain the concept of state and state variables.
9. Define causal system.
10. Write the state model of a linear time invariant systems.
11. For the following system; 1
3 1 2 2
1 2 2
2 4 2 3 2 3 2
1
How many independent variables would describe the system completely? What is
your choice of state variables?
12. Consider the transfer function given by
. Assign suitable state
variables.
13. What are the advantages of state space analysis?
14. What is state diagram?
15. A system is characterized by the differential equation

10

Determine the transfer function.

16. What are the advantages of state space using physical variable?
17. What is bush form or companion form of state model?
18. Draw the signal flow graph of the system described by the state model
and y =
19. The transfer function of a system is given by

. Determine the

differential equation governing the system.

20. Given the system 2
4
obtain the state spacemodel.

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0.

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Part B
1. For the MIMO system given, answer the following questions:
3
4

(i)Draw a schematic for this system using integrators, summers as the building blocks.
(ii)How many state variables would be describe the system completely? What is your choice
of state variables for this system? Justify that these state variables are independent and
sufficient in number to describe the given system completely. Suggest another choice of state
variables and relate these to the original choice.
(iii)What are the matrices A,B,C,D for your model?
2. A system has the transfer function:
1
10

27

18

find out four different state-variable models, and hence demonstrate that the state
models are non-unique
3. Find out Controllable Canonical form, Observable Canonical form and Diagonal
Canonical form of state model form a given transfer function.
4. (i) Explain the concept of similarity transformation
(ii) Derive the expression for Observable canonical form
(iii) The system is described by the following equation . Find out state model of
system and check the Stability using state model of system.
5
6
6
;

8
5

5. Obtain the state space representation of the mechanical system shown in the figure below.
Where u(t) is input and y(t) is output. Also derive the transfer function from the state
space equations.

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6. Determine the state model of armature controlled d.c motor.

7. Construct the state model of the following electrical system.

8. Find state variable model for the second order time varying system.

9. A system has the transfer function:

1
3

Find two difference state variable models and hence demonstrate that the state models
are non unique.
10. (i) Determine the transfer function of the system whose state equations are given by
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
6
11
6
1
1 2 0
(ii)Show that the states can be transformed to many other forms and obtain two other
forms of realization.
11. Consider the physical system of your choice which is non linear and describe the
following:
(i)
Derive the complete dynamic equations in non linear form
(ii)
Obtain the linearised model with suitable assumptions.
(iii) Obtain the transfer function and identify the poles and zeros of the
linearised system.

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1. If A =

Unit II
SOLUTION OF STATE EQUATIONS
Part- A

0
0

, what is

sin t
What is the system matrix A?
cos t
1 5
3. Find out the poles of the system if the system matrix A =
2 3
4. What is the significance of Eigen Vector?
5. What is mode suppression?
6. What is zero state response?
7. What is resolvant matrix?
8. How the eigenvectors are calculated when the Eigen values are distinct?
9. What is meant by series evaluation?
10. List the properties of transmission matrix.
11. The state solutions for a system are given by
and
Identify the system matrix.
12. What are the different methods available for computing
?
13. How the Eigen values are calculated.
14. What is similarity transformation?
15. What is Jordan matrix?
16. Write the transformed canonical state model of a s/m.
17. How the state transition matrix
is computed by canonical transformation
18. How the state transition matrix
is computed by Laplace transform method.
1 .5
19. If A =
, what is ?
0
1
20. How the state transition matrix
is computed by Cayley Hamiltom theorem
2. Given

cos t
sin t

Part- B
1. Given the system:
3
3 0
1 0
1 00
A= 0 0 1 , B = 0 0 , C =
0 10
1
3
4
01
(i)
Compute
using Cayley Hamiltom theorem.
(ii)
Verify all the properties of state transition matrix.
2. Obtain the output of the following system for unit step input.
0
0
A=
,B=
and C= 1 2
1
5
3. (i) Derive the expression for solution of non homogenous state equation
(ii) Compute A if transition matrix is given below in equation
0
0
4. (i)Derive the expression for state transition matrix
(ii) Find out the solution of state when X1(0) = 1 and X2(0) = 0
(iii)Find out the transfer function for the equation 7 and 8 and draw the response

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when the system is subjected to step change in input
0
1
2
3
1

0
1

5. Consider the system

0
1

0
1

1
1

1,
0,

Find the response to the input

6. For a system represented by state equation
, when 0
and
system matrix A and state transmission matrix.

when

0,

1
1
the response is
0
. Determine the

7. Compute the solution of following state equations:

0 0
2
0
(i)
;
0
0 1 0
1
1 0 3
0
1 0
1
1
(ii)
1 1
1
1
8. Find the time response of the system described by the equation
1 1
0
0
2
1
1
0
,
1,
0
0
9. Given the system
2
0
0
(i)
(ii)

0 0
2 2
1 3

using Cayley hamilton Transformation

Compute
Verify all the properties of the state transition matrix

10. Derive the expression for solution of homogenous state equation

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UNIT-III
CONTROLLABILITY AND OBSERVABILITY
Part A
1. How to define controllability?
2. State the condition for observability by Kalman's method.
3. Give two equivalent mathematical expressions which state that a given pair of
matrices (A,B) is controllable.
1 1
4. Suppose
. what conditions on b1 and b2 will make the model
0 3
controllable.
5. Consider a system which is not controllable but stabilishable. Discuss about the
achievable performance of the system
6. A system is completely output controllable. Comment on it's state controllablity.
7. What is need for observability test?
8. Explain the concept of system realization.
9. State the condition forcontrolability by Kalman's method.
10. Write the transformed canonical state model of a system.
11. State the condition for controlability BY Gilberts method.
12. State the condition for controlability by Kalman'sMETHODt.
13. State the condition for observability by Kalman's method.
14. State the condition for observability by Gilberts method.
15. Define stabilizability.
16. Define reducability.
17. Define detectabiity.
18. Define output controllability.
19. What is the need for controllablity test?
20. What is the effect of pole-zero cancellation in transfer function?
Part B
1. A linear time invariant system is described by the following state model.
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
6
11
6
2
1 0 0

Transform this state model to canonical state model also

compute
2. Convert the following state model into the Jordon canonical form and there from
comment on controllability and observability.
0
0
2

1
0
4

0
1
3
0 1
1 2

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1
1

1
0
1

0
1
1

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3. Explain briefly about the controllability and observability test for time varying and
time invariant continous time systems.
4. A system is characterised by transfer function
2
6
11
6
Find the state and output equation in matrix form and also test the
controllability and observability of the systems.
5. Show that the following system (with time varying B(t) Matrix) is not completely
controllable.
1 5 1
1
/
1
2 1 5
6. (i)State Kalman's conditions for controllability.
(ii)Derive the control law to arbitrarily assign the state variables.
(iii) Show that a system realised in controllable companion form has its states analys
controllable.
7. Consider the system
1 0
1
1
0
2 0
0
0 3
1
1
1 0 1
Test for controllability, stabilisability, detectabiity and observability
8. The state model of a system is given by
0
0
0
1
;
2
3 0
2
1 0 0
0
2
3
0
Convert the state model controllable canonical form.

9. Examine the observability of the system given below using canonical form

(i)

2
1
1

2
1
3

3
1
1
0
0
0

1
1
2

11
1
14
0
1
3

;
0
0
1

10. A 2-input 2-output system has the following model

10 0
20
10 0
0
0 0.7 9 0 ;
0
1 0.70
0
0 0
0
1 0

3 5

2.8
3.13
0
0

1000
0001

Is it possible to control and observe and control the system using both the
inputs and both the outputs?

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UNIT-IV
STABILTY
PART-A
1. Give the condition for a stable model is BIBO model.
2. When a non linear system becomes asymptotically stable?
3. Determine whether the following matrix is positive definite.
16
2
8
A= 2 10 2
8
2 16
4. Express the quadratic function given below in terms of vectors and matrices
, ,
8
11
8
4
10
4
5. State the conditions on the output controllable. Comment on its state controllability.
6. What are Lyapunov's functions? State their significance.
7. How to define stability in the sense of Lyapunov?
8. What is negative definiteness of scalar function?
9. List out any four important property of non linear system behaviour.
10. Ho to find out Lyapnov function for non linear system.
11. Express the following in terms of vectors and matrices.
, ,
8
11
8
4
10
4

12. Consider the system

1
4

5
0

1
1

.Is the system controllable? If yes,

determine the state feedback controller such that the characteristic polynomial of the
closed loop system is
9
20
13. Define positive definite function.
14. Define BIBO Stability.
15. Write the generalised Quadratic form of Nth order system
16. Define positive semi definite.
17. Show that the following quadratic form is the definite.
4
2
2
4
10
18. Determine the stability of non-linear system
2
19. Define instability
20. Check the stability of the non linear system described by
3

Use krosovskill's method and assume P as identity matrix.

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Part-B
Discuss Lyapunov's direct method for the stability analysis of non linear system.
Describe Krasovski method and variable gradient method of constructing Lyapunov
function.
0.5 1
Consider a linear autonomous system
1
. Using direct
1
1
method of Lyapunov determine the stability of the equilibrium state.
Discuss breifly about the various methods for finding Lyapunov functions for non
linearcontinous time autonomous systems.
0
1
0
Given the systems
0
0
1

Derive conditions for asymptotic stability of the origin for the above system. Use
Lyapunov's
Direct method and proceed by assuming a suitable form for V(x).
6. Use the variable gradient method to determine sufficient conditions for symptotic
stability of the following time-varying second order system.
0
1
7. (i) State the significance of equilibrium points in non-linear systems
(ii) Explain how Lyapnunov's function can be constructed for linear systems.
(iii) Assess the stability of the system using Lyapunov's equation.
0
2
1
3
1
0 1
8. Explain and prove the Lyapunov stability theorem for a linear system.
9. Consider the non linear system
Investigate the stability of the equilibrium points using Lyapunov's theory.
10. Given the system:
16
2 8
2 10 2
8
2 16
(i)
Give the definitions of stability for systems modeled in state space.
(ii)
Write the Lyapunov equation for the systems ith the complete
mathematical description of all matrices involved.
(iii) Solve the Lyaponov equation and verify the sign definiteness of the
resulting matrix and comment on the stability of the systems
11. A system given by the matrix

10 0
10 0
0 0.7 9 0
0
1 0.70
0 0
1 0
Assess the system/s stability using Lyapunov'scriterian.
12.Consider the non linear system

1 | |
Determine the stability of the equilibrium points using Lyapunov's function approach.
Classify the equilibrium point.

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UNIT-V
MODAL CONTROL
PART-A
1. What is meant by controllable companion form?
2. Write the three stages of pole placement problem?
3. Consider the system
0
1
0
2

0
1

Find a constant state feedback controller K such that the closed loop system
has Eigen value at -3 and -4
4. A system described by
1 0
0 1
;
0
4
1 0
6
If K =
is employed as an output feedback matrix, here would be the
0
closed loop poles located.
5. A system is realized by completely controllable, but not observable states. Can e
transform the system into observable, but not controllable states? Explain.
6. Consider the system with 'n' state variables and 'm' input variables. How many poles
of the system can be assigned arbitrarily? Explain.
7. Distinguish between root locus method and pole placement method of system design?
8. Draw the schematic diagram of a state feedback control system.
9. Explain the pole placement control law for MIMO system.
10. What is the effect of state feedback observer plus controller with respect to stability
aspects?
11. Consider the system
0
5
1
. Is the system controllable? If yes, determine the
4 0
1
state feedback controller such that characteristic polynomial of the closed loop
system is
9
20.
12. What is MIMO system?
13. How the placements of pole affect the stability of the system?
14. How will you find the transformation matrix?
15. Write the controllable phase variable form of state model.
16. What is pole placement by stage feedback?
17. What is control law?
18. What is the need for state observer?
19. Write the Ackerman's formula to find the state observer gain matrix G.
20. Write the direct method to find the state observer gain matrix G.

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1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

PART-B
Describe the effect of feedback on controllability and observability.
Explain in detail full order observer and reduced order observer.
Discuss briefly about the controllable and observable forms of SISO systems.
For the following systems determine the state feedback controller that gives closed
1
loop Eigen values
2 1
0
0
2
1 ,
0
0
2
Design observer for the following system such that the output settles to the actual
state within 1 second
,

6. Draw the two independent state feedback controllers for the following system to
place the closed loop poles at -1,-2 and -3
,
7. (i) Explain the principle of separation in design of controller and observer.
(ii) Design a full and reduced order observer for the following system so that the
estimation error dynamics dies out with in 1 second.
1
2
0
1
3
1
Y = [1 1] X
8. Discuss in detail the controllable and observable forms of SISO and MIMO system.
9. Consider the system

2
1
1 0
;
;
0 1 ;
2 0 .
1
0
1 1
Design a full order state observer so that the estimation error will decay in less than 4
Seconds.
10. (i) Derive the CCF and OCF forms for MIMO system.
(ii) Discuss the effect of state feedback on controllability and observabality.
(iii) Compare Full order and Reduced order observer.
where

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