International Journal of Applied Engineering

Research and Development (IJAERD)

ISSN(P): 2250-1584; ISSN(E): 2278-9383
Vol. 6, Issue 4, Oct 2016, 23-34
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

SIMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF WIND ENERGY SYSTEM WITH

SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION GENERATOR (WES-SCIG)
AMEL A. RIDHA
Electronics &communication Engineering Department, Faculity of Engineering, Kufa University, Iraq
ABSTRACT
This project investigates wind energy system in general form, which is a part of renewable energy. The aim is
to can calculate the minimum terminal capacitance of the induction generator. In this study, a wind turbine generator is
proposed as an alternative for conventional source of electrical energy to feed a resistive load. A simple and costeffective control technique is proposed to track the operating point at which maximum power of wind turbine generator
system Hittite is obtained under changing environmental conditions of the city of Kufa. The control system requires
GTOs as (rectifier /inverter), also known as interactive UPS. A software simulation model and the prediction of the
proposed control system performance is developed in MATLAB/ SIMULINK. The results yielded by calculations,
simulations and laboratory experiments are used to build the prototype machine (WES-SCIG) and test its performance

KEYWORDS : GTO, Interactive Ups, Renewable Energy& Squirrel Cage Induction Generator & Wind Turbine

Received: Aug 20, 2016; Accepted: Sep 06, 2016; Published: Sep 13, 2016; Paper Id.: IJAERDOCT20162

INTRODUCTION

Original Article

by using a feeding array of low-power lamps.

Wind Energy System (WES)

Owing the rising costs of traditional energy, alternate sources of energy are being extensively explored.
Wind energy (WE) is one such alternative source of energy. Wind power and direction can never be accurately
predicted. Even the most advanced machinery and software tools have limitations in terms of predicting weather
and wind conditions. Since commercial usage of wind energy requires precise knowledge of the weather and wind
conditions on the long-term basis, it may be impractical [1].
Wind energy cannot easily be stored or distributed, posing further obstacles in the reliance on wind power
as a primary energy supplier. The amount of wind supplied and the amount of energy produced depend on various
factors, including wind speed and turbine characteristics. Some critics also question whether wind energy can be
used in areas of high demand [2].
Wind energy systems are classified into the following categories: Wind Electric Systems connected to the
Grid (without the need for storage), Standalone Electric Systems (with energy storage), Wind Mechanical energy
systems (without energy storage), and Hybrid Energy Systems that combine wind power with diesel, solar,
electric, battery sources, etc. [3].
Induction Generator
The reasons for choosing induction generator in WTG are that it is very reliable, tends to be

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Amel A. Ridha

comparatively inexpensive and lightweight, and requires low maintenance. The generator also has some mechanical
properties that are useful for wind turbines. Consequently, the induction generator is the most common generator in wind
energy system applications due to its simplicity and reliability. The main drawbacks associated with induction generators
are lower efficiency and the need for reactive power to generate the required terminal voltage. However, the efficiency can
be improved by modern designs, whereas solid-state converters can be used to supply the reactive power required. Wound
Rotor Induction Generator (WTG-WRIG) and Squirrel Cage Induction Generator (WTG-SQIG) are the two main types of
WTG currently in use [4].
Interaction for Induction Generator
For a wind energy conversion system that uses induction generator, a DC link converter is essential for power
conversion. The induction generator produces current at a variable frequency. This current is rectified onto the DC link
using a converter with six active switches. To convert the direct current to that of a fixed frequency of the utility, a second
converter with six switches is needed. As a result, many switches are required for operating a wind energy conversion
system. Hence, a new method that uses a six-switch current regulated pulse width modulated inverter and a zero sequence
filter is proposed to eliminate some of the switches used. It can nonetheless retain the original functionality of the system.
Input voltages can increase to dangerously high levels, which have been reported to cause capacitor failure at wind farms.
Over-voltages are the major cause of excitation capacitor failure. Using a storable transformer connected to the terminals
of the induction generator has the potential to improve voltage regulation and provide protection against over-voltages [5].
DESIGN OF WES-SQIG
The Test of Induction Generator and Capacitor Selection
In this work, 3phIG with data shown in Table 1 was adopted.
Table 1: The 3ph Induction Generator Data
Table(1) Data of IG
P = 6 Poles

PF = 0.75

Ns = 1000 RPM

Vph/L = 220/380 V

S = 349.36 VA

F = 50 Hz

Iph = 1.588 A

Figure 1: a- Connecting the Capacitors; b- IG Testing

Selection of capacitors can be made using the data provided in Table 1 and calculating the magnitude of S, P,
Q.Ic, Xc, C and  , resulting in:
S = 349.36 VA, P = 262.02 W, Q = 231.079 VAR, Ic = 1.05 A, Xc = 209.45 , C = 15.6 F
  A
 = 785 W

Impact Factor (JCC): 2.8936

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 6.1

Simulation and Implementation of Wind Energy System with Squirrel Cage Induction Generator (WES-SCIG)

Nr[IM] rpm
V[IG] V
I[IG] A

Table (2) Testing of Induction Generator

1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
0
58
110
148
175
6.2
2.4
2.1
2
1.95

1450
200
1.65

25

1500
225
1.6

The three capacitors with 15.6 F capacitance are connected between the phase stator terminals and the grid, as
shown in Figure 1-a. The following steps describe the calculation for the grid capacitor selection.
The 3ph IG is tested by connecting its shaft with the shaft of 3ph IM which has Ns = 3000 rpm, as shown in
Figure 1-b, starting the test by increasing the speed of 3ph Induction motor in 100 rpm increments, from 1000 rpm to 1500
rpm, while recording the generator current and voltage for each step, as shown in Table 2.
When a typical house fan is used, 785 W of wind power is generated. This poses the question of whether such
turbines can capture this power.
The maximum speed of wind in Kufa city is 9 m/s, which was selected from Table 3 presented in Appendix.
The relationship between Wind Power and Wind Speed for Kufa city is shown in Figure 2, depicting turbine
power characteristics at different wind speeds. It is evident that turbine output power increases exponentially with the wind
speed.

Figure 2: The Relationship between Wind Power and Wind Speed for Kufa city

THE TURBINE DESIGN

Selecting the Number of Blades
The choice of the number of blades required by the wind rotor is critical to its construction and operation. Greater
number of blades is known to create turbulence in the system, whereas a lesser number would not be capable of capturing
the optimum amount of wind energy.
ta = 2/n

(1)

tb = d/V

(2)

Where:
ta: the time taken by one blade to move into the position previously occupied by the previous blade : angular
velocity

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Amel A. Ridha

tb: the time taken by the disturbed wind, generated by the interference of the blades to move away and normal air
to be re-established
d: the length of the strongly perturbed wind stream
ta = tb

(for maximum power extraction)

d = 2V/n

(3)

Where d has to be determined empirically

Most modem wind turbines used for generating electricity have three blades, as this arrangement has the particular
advantage that the polar momesnt of inertia with respect to yawing is constant [6]. This characteristic contributes to
relatively smooth operation even while yawing. Using more than three blades could also result in a rotor with a moment of
inertia independent of the position. However, more than three blades are seldom used primarily due to the higher costs that
would be associated with the additional blades [7].
For the turbine blades, PVC is used with length of 60 cm, width of 13 cm and weight of 431 g, as shown in Figure
3. A regular house fan is characterized by V = 5 m/s, = 1.0 kg/ , r = .2 m and A = .125 

Figure 3: The Blades

Choice of Tower
The tower must be extremely sturdy, well anchored, and tall enough to avoid effects of any obstructions. Some
wind energy guidelines suggest that the cost associated with tower erection and power wiring is as high as that of the wind
generator itself. The two basic kinds of tower are the Tilt-Up and Stationary. A stationary tower is the most sturdy and
troublefree. However, installation, maintenance or removal of the wind machine can be dangerous, as engineers have to
climb to reach it. A crane is often used for installation [8].
Alternative arrangement is the tilt-up tower, allowing maintenance to be performed while standing safely on solid
ground. The Mono tower built as a part of this work has maximum height of 183 cm and minimum height of 131 cm, as
shown in Figure 4.

Impact Factor (JCC): 2.8936

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 6.1

Simulation and Implementation of Wind Energy System with Squirrel Cage Induction Generator (WES-SCIG)

27

Figure 4: The Tower

The generator is mounted off-center horizontally from the yaw bearing. The tail is angled in this axis, as well in
the vertical axis, and is hinged. When the wind force exerted on the back of the rotor is strong enough to overcome the offaxis generator, the tail folds up and turns the alternator away from the wind direction, forcing the wind turbine to yaw out
of the wind.
When wind speeds declines, the tail returns to the normal operating position due to gravity or use of springs. The
ratio of gearbox is 1:20. Figure 5 illustrates the WET-SQIG, while the WTG-SQIG prototype is shown in Figure 6.

Figure 5: WES-SCIG

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Amel A. Ridha

Figure 6: The Prototype of WTG-SQIG Produced as a Typical House Fan

CONVERSION AND CONTROL CIRCUIT WITH MATLAB/SIMULINK BATTERY CHARGING

Battery is a storage device that stores the excess power generated and uses it to supply the load in addition to the
generators. When power is required, wind energy is integrated, i.e., connected to a common DC bus of constant voltage to
which the battery bank is also connected. Any power transfer, whether from the generator to the battery bank, generator to
load, or from the battery bank to the load, takes place via this constant voltage DC bus. As the power flow associated with
the battery is not uni-directional, a bidirectional converter is needed to charge and/or discharge the battery in case of excess
and/or deficit of power respectively [9, 10].
Design of GTO Rectifier with C Filter
Single-phase bridge controlled rectifier is used to convert the AC voltage to DC voltage while retaining the same
magnitude. Gate Turn-Off (GTO) thyristor is used for the WET-SQIG design. GTO in the rectifier circuit works as a
thyristor (it is turned on by applying positive pulse and is turned off by natural commutation without any external
components) [11].
The design of the C filter for GTO rectifier aimed at improving the output voltage shape and converting it to pure
DC voltage is shown below [12]:
r=




(4)

When f = 50 Hz and R = 1000 r = .001 is assumed.

From Equation (4), the capacitive filter is used with c =2880 F. Figure 7 illustrates the rectifier output with and
without the filter.

Impact Factor (JCC): 2.8936

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 6.1

Simulation and Implementation of Wind Energy System with Squirrel Cage Induction Generator (WES-SCIG)
(WES

29

Figure 7: The Output Voltage of

o the Rectifier (a) Without a Filter and (b)) With a Filter
Design of GTO Inverter with LC Filter
The rectifier circuit is used as an inverter circuit for conversion design. The single-phase
single
full bridge voltage
source inverter consists of four GTOs.
When GTO1 & GTO2 are turned on (triggered by positive pulse at = 0 before being turned off (triggered by a
negative pulse at = 0.01)),
)), GTO3 & 4 are turned on (triggered by positive pulse at = 0.01
01 and then turned off (triggered
by a negative pulse at =0.02)), and so on. The waveform of the inverter output voltage is shown in Figure
Fig
8-a.

Figure 8: The Output Voltage of

o Inverter (a) Without a Filter and (b)) With a Filter
The LC filter is connected to the GTO inverter to improve the shape of the output voltage and make it pure DC
voltage by reducing the harmonicss contents.
The following procedure is employed in the design of the LC filter:
Vdc = 0.63 Vm








(5)
=


 ! "



(6)

#$%

When the above equations are combined, L =

,.! 

, C = 150.107 F and L = 25 mH are obtained.

Trigger in the Rectifier & Inverter Circuit

Trigger in the rectifier & inverter circuit is given by using 556 timer (astable), whereby the parameters are
determined using the expressions below:
T= 0.71(& ' 2& ) *

(7)

T= + ++

(8)

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Amel A. Ridha

To provide trigger at /01023 42356 (8) = 0, + = + must hold. Let c = 1 F and & = 0. When /; = 50, & =
14 =, and + = + = 0.01 s. When DC voltage source is applied to the input of the GTO inverter, pure AC output voltage
can be obtained. The output of the GTO inverter can then be applied to the input of the GTO rectifier to obtain DC, as
shown in Figure 8-b. When the two-phase WES-SQIG is available to provide the load and the battery is simultaneously
charged by green switches, when the supply is turned off, the battery will provide the load by yellow switches, as shown
Figure 11 (the waveform is shown in Figure 9).

Figure 9: The Inverter & Rectifier Circuit Output

Implementation and Assembly of the WES-SQIG
Figure 10-a illustrates the connection of the 3ph supply to the output of 3ph WES-SCIG. Here, the function of
interactive UPS is to convert the AC/DC voltage and store the energy in the battery. The output voltage of the 3ph supply
(WES-SCIG) is shown in Figure 10-b, indicating that the maximum output voltage is less than 320 V due to the decay
arising from the use of filters and breakers.

Figure 10(a): 3ph Control CCT. of 3ph WES-SCIG; (b) The 3ph Output Voltage of WES-SCIG
WES-SCIG that was used to build the final control circuit is shown in Figure 11. It is known as interactive UPS
when WES-SCIG is used instead of the main supply.

Impact Factor (JCC): 2.8936

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 6.1

Simulation and Implementation of Wind Energy System with Squirrel Cage Induction Generator (WES-SCIG)
(WES

31

Figure 11: Simulation Circuit of Interactive UPS When Used in

n Wind Supply
The resulting 3ph output voltages obtained after inverting the circuit before filtering are shown in Figure 12-a
1
and
the 3ph output current (load current) after filtering is shown in Figure 12-b.
1 b. The point of operation of crest power of wind
generator output can be traced by a maximum power point.

Figure 12: (a) The Output Voltages of Inverting Circuit before Filtering
(b) The Output Current (Load Current) after Filtering.
Filtering

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The maximum power generated from the SCIG was shown in Figure 10-b.. It can be seen that, by using SCIG with
1 kW maximum power ( 750 W) is obtained because of the selection of the capacitor with 16.5 F. Thus, any
increase or decrease in the capacitance magnitude can change the generated frequency, requiring addition of
another conversion device like cycloconverter.

The effect of low wind speed was negligible in the test conditions, because the maximum generated voltage was
affected by the changes in wind magnitude and direction However, using WES-SCIG
SCIG can reduce this effect
e
if a
gearbox with ratio 1:20 is employed and the prototype generation is terminated when the wind speed is below 2

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Amel A. Ridha

m/s, as shown in Table 1. When the phase voltage decreases below 190 V that implies wind speed decline below 3
m/s. In this case, the control circuit shifts from inverter /rectifier to rectifier /inverter mode. The WES-SCIG
results are unacceptable for further study in this steady case.

The length, weight and number of the blades are selected based on previous designs; therefore, no effect of blades
on operation of WES-SCIG is expected. However, as the wind turbine height is important, the results were
recorded when placing the wind turbine on the roof of a building of 16-20 m height, while the results on the
ground were neglected.

Using 556 (Astable timer) for firing the GTO at 0 and or at t = 0 and 0.01 s reduced the energy loss. Therefore,
when using the firing angle and commutation angle above 0 and , the results will differ from the steady case.
Breakers are also essential, as they prevent the inverter/rectifier from working when the phase generating voltage
is below 190 V.

In simulation results, the maximum output voltage of the rectifier before filtering is about 380 V with square
wave, and after filtering, 360 V with a sinusoidal shape was measured. In practical applications, the maximum
output voltage is 320 V with step-up transformer, which also serves as an isolation element in most cases. Finally,
the lighting of six parallel lamps is not fixed without a stabilizer (ziner diode).

The phase current reaches 6 A, equivalent to the line current of approx. 10 A in simulation tests, as shown in
Figure 12-b for delta connection. However, in practical tests, the maximum reading of the Ammeter is 4.5 A,
indicating the line current exceeds 7.5 A for resistive load only.

When one of the phases is damaged, the control system works as a rectifier/ inverter only, and when the load is
open circuit, the control system functions as an inverter /rectifier. That means the circuit has continuous current.

CONCLUSIONS

Squirel cage induction generator is suitable for use as a wind turbine IG.

Using a gearbox with 1:20 ratio can improve the voltage amplitude of WES, as the system can work in low wind
conditions.

Simple power electronic devices could be supply pure 3Ph sinusoidal wave to an AC resistive load.

Finding the required capacitance to generate the voltage across the induction generator terminal and calculating
minimum capacitor value to produce reactive power is essential.

Establishing an interconnection between the wind turbine generator and the AC resistive load is also required.

REFERENCES
1.

Kanaan A. Jalal & Hussain K. Ahmad," Optimal Identification of Doubly Fed Induction Generator Parameters in Wind
Power

System

using

Particle

Swarm

Optimizationand

Artificial

Neural

Network,"Eng.&Tech.

Journal,Vol.32,part(A),No.5,2014.
2.

J. Martinez, Modelling and Control of Wind Turbines, Imperial College London, UK, 2007.

3.

S. Nikolova, A. Causevski, A. Al-Salaymeh, Optimal operation of conventional power plants in power system with integrated
renewable energy sources, Energy Conversion and Management, 2013.

Impact Factor (JCC): 2.8936

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 6.1

Simulation and Implementation of Wind Energy System with Squirrel Cage Induction Generator (WES-SCIG)
4.

33

K. Trinadha, A. Kumar, K. S. Sandhu, Study of Wind Turbine based SEIG underBalanced/Unbalanced Loads and
Excitation, International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), Vol. 2, No. 3, June 2012.

5.

Aryuanto Soetedjo, et al., Modelling of Wind Energy System with MPPT Control, 2011 International IEEE Conference on
Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Bandung, Indonesia, 17-19 July 2011.

6.

Mohd. Hasan Ali, "Wind Energy System Solution for Power Quality and Stability," 2012.

7.

Zaki M. Abdullah,Ahmed M. T. Ibraheem &Omar T. Mahmood," Design of Wind Turbine Energy System Based on
Matlab/Simulink,"Eng.&Tech. Journal,Vol.32,part(A),No.7,2014.

8.

E. Koutroulis, K. Kalaitzakis, Design of a maximum power tracking system for wind-energy conversion application, IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 53, No. 2, 2006.

9.

S. Rahmani, A. Hamadi, A. Ndioungou, Performance evaluation of a PMSG-based variable speed wind generation system
using maximum power point tracking, IEEE electrical power and energy conference 2012.

10. R.P.T. Bascope, et al., Electronic Circuit for Stand-Alone Wind Energy Conversion System, XI Brazilian Power Electronics
IEEE Conference, 2011.
11. M. H. Rashid, Power Electronics Circuits, Devices and Applications. Third Edition, Pearson Education International, 2004.
12. M. Jamil, R. Gupta, A review of power converter topology used with PMSG based wind power generation, IEEE, 2012.

APPENDIX
Table 3: The Measurement for the Speed of Wind in
Kufa City from 1st October 2014 to 1st December 2014
Direction

Time
GMT

30
360
20
350
350
20
30
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
270
240
360
360
310
330
340
300
90

12
10
3
20
12
18
13
23
9
9
15
8
13
10
9
6
23
2
6
22
9
12
12

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The Speed
of Wind in
m/sec
4
5
5
4
4
4
3
5
6
3
2
6
3
4
2
2
8
8
3
5
8
4
3

The Date

Direction

Time
GMT

1/10/2014
2/10/2014
3/10/2014
4/10/2014
5/10/2014
6/10/2014
7/10/2014
8/10/2014
9/10/2014
10/10/2014
11/10/2014
12/10/2014
13/10/2014
14/10/2014
15/10/2014
16/10/2014
1/11/2014
2/11/2014
3/11/2014
4/11/2014
5/11/2014
6/11/2014
7/11/2014

360
360
310
330
340
300
90
140
140
0
160
330
350
330
230
0
0
0
330
340
360
360
360

12
0
9
12
8
12
12
0
12
12
6
12
18
8
12
12
0
0
12
11
9
2
11

The Speed
of Wind in
m/sec
2
0
3
5
8
6
4
0
3
7
3
4
4
6
4
2
0
0
5
5
3
2
2

The Date
17/10/2014
18/10/2014
19/10/2014
20/10/2014
21/10/2014
22/10/2014
23/10/2014
24/10/2014
25/10/2014
26/10/2014
27/10/2014
28/10/2014
29/10/2014
30/10/2014
31/10/2014
17/10/2014
17/11/2014
18/11/2014
19/11/2014
20/11/2014
21/11/2014
22/11/2014
23/11/2014
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Amel A. Ridha

140
140
0
160
330
350
330
230
0

17
12
0
12
10
12
9
19
0

Impact Factor (JCC): 2.8936

3
3
0
6
3
2
3
2
0

Table 3(A): Contd.,

8/11/2014
0
9/11/2014
0
10/11/2014
0
11/11/2014
360
12/11/2014
350
13/11/2014
330
14/11/2014
350
15/11/2014
120
16/11/2014

0
0
0
9
12
8
6
18

0
0
0
3
5
8
3
4

24/11/2014
25/11/2014
26/11/2014
27/11/2014
28/11/2014
29/11/2014
30/11/2014
1/12/2014

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 6.1