Phase diagrams - 2

Brief review of last class

Phase: A phase may be defined as a homogeneous portion of a system that has
uniform physical and chemical characteristics.
Phase Diagram: A graphical representation of the relationships among
environmental constraints (e.g., temperature, pressure), composition, and regions
of phase stability, ordinarily under conditions of equilibrium.

Driving force

Gibbs phase rule

Isomorphous phase diagram

Tie line and Lever rule

Development of microstructure : equilibrium cooling

Development of microstructure : non-equilibrium cooling

coring

Mechanical properties

Condition for complete solid solubility

Hume-Ruthery conditions
Crystal structure of each element of solid solution must be the same.
Cu, Ni FCC

Size of atoms of each two elements must not differ by more than 15%.
= 1.28 , = 1.25
Elements should not form compounds with each other i.e. there should
be no appreciable difference in the electro-negativities of the two elements.
Electro negativity Cu and Ni is 1.9, 1.8 respectively
Elements should have the same valence.

Eutectic Phase Diagrams (two-components)

F = C - P +1

, , L, S: F =2
+, + L, +
L : F =1
BG: F=0

Eutectic transformation/reaction

F = 0, invariant reaction

Temperature TE is called eutectic temperature/ isotherm

Point E is called an invariant point
Composition CE is called eutectic composition

Driving force for equilibrium phases

This is just for your

information

Temperature

Microstructure: single phase

Time
Case 1: amount of Sn upto 2%

Temperature

Microstructure: primary alpha phase

Time
Case 2: amount of Sn ( 2% to 18.3%)

Temperature

Microstructure: Eutectic composition

Time

Case 3: Eutectic composition ( 61.9% of Sn)

Formation of eutectic structure

Lead (Pb) rich -phase

Tin (Sn) rich -phase

Temperature

Microstructure: hypo-Eutectic composition

Time

Case4: hypo-Eutectic composition ( Sn between 18.3% to below 61.9% )

Microstructure: Case-4

Primary
-phase

Lead rich -phase dark layer

Tin rich -phase light layer

Hyper- and hypo-eutectic microstructure

Calculation of different phases (hypo-eutectic composition)

Total amount of phases

Soldering