1] Explain Urbanization in India and its after effects

with examples. Urbanization may be defined as a process by which

villages turn in to towns and towns turn into cities. In the demographic sense it is an
increase in the proportion of the urban population to the total population, over a period
of time.
The process of urbanization has been closely linked with the process and pattern of
economic development in the country.

After Effects:

The rapid increase in urbanization and economic development has led to severe
environmental degradation that undermines the environmental resource base upon
which sustainable development depends.
The growing concern is that as cities grow larger environmental stress multiplies.
This is because cities are where action is. The unprecedented growth in population,
accompanied by technological and economic growth has enhanced urbanization.
Cities are the focal points of opportunities. Hence there is always a movement of
population to cities.
This increases the pressure on existing facilities of housing and infrastructural
facilities besides leading to congestion. Thus, the situation in our cities has become
unmanageable and more alarming with the growing inequalities arising out of logs
in adjustment to rapid and extensive urbanization.
Many urban dwellers and individual households are not integrated socially,
economically or politically in urban life. Their low level of incomes; lack of
education; sub-standard living in slums and squatter settlements and increasing
population concentrations; overloading the community s environmental life support
system, in the face of already existing backlog of services and amenities.

Advantages of Urbanization:

Growth in industrial productions: The production in various industrial sectors like

cement, iron and steel, textile, fertilizers etc., are helping in the economic growth of
the country. Export increase and this forest reserve increases.
Growth in trade and commerce: Urbanization helps the nation's business sector.
Rural people came to the urban places with their goods.
Development in tourism industries: People from foreign countries are attracted to
good cities and towns having better transport facilities. Tourism is a good source of
foreign currency for a country.
Improvement in Science, Culture etc.: Urban places are the meeting point of all
good cultures of various localities. Education, science and technology developments
take place in urban places improving the society as a whole.

Disadvantages of Urbanization:

The rapid inflows of rural population to urban places give rise to housing problem
and thus slums are developed in these places.

The decrease in rural population effects the agricultural productions due to

shortage of workers in rural areas.
The increase in population in urban places pressurizes water and sanitation
facilities. It results in environmental pollution, health hazards etc.
The unemployment increases in urban areas. Due to the various criminal activities,
corruption etc. increases affecting the law and order system.

2] Explain the Trends of Urbanization in India.

The regional variations in the distribution of urban population are significant. A

large proportion is concentrated in six most developed states, namely
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Punjab, and West Bengal, accounting
for about half of the countrys urban population.
The levels of urbanization are high in the states with high per capita income and
vice versa. The pattern of urban growth across states is significantly different from
that of the levels of urbanization. High urban growth has however been registered
in relatively underdeveloped states, viz. Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Orissa
and Madhya Pradesh, the states that have low percentages of urban population.
Urban scenario in the post independence period has been characterized by
dualism. The developed states attracted population in urban areas due to
industrialization and infrastructure investment. The less developed states too,
particularly their rural districts that is, districts having predominantly rural
population earlier and small and medium towns, experienced rapid urban growth.
This can partly be attributed to factors like urban industrial dispersal, and transfer
of funds from the states to local bodies through a need based or what is popularly
known as a gap filling approach.
In the past two decades, the growth rates for developed states have either gone
up or remained the same in the 1990s5. The backward states, however, have
recorded either a decline or stability in their urban growth. The urbanization
process has, thus, become more concentrated in developed regions with the
exclusion of backward areas in recent years.
This is also reflected in the larger cities recording relatively higher growth when
compared to smaller towns, as noted in the preceding section.
This could, at least partly, and rather paradoxically, be attributed to the measures
of decentralization whereby the responsibilities of resource mobilization and
launching infrastructural projects have been given to local bodies.
Large municipal bodies that have strong economic base, particularly those located
in developed states, have an advantage that has clearly been manifested in their
high economic and demographic growth

3] Explain the problems arising out of rapid

Urbanization in India.
The rapid growth of urban population both natural and through migration, has put
heavy pressure on public utilities like housing, sanitation, transport, water, electricity,
health, education and so on.

1. Urban Sprawl
Urban sprawl or real expansion of the cities, both in population and geographical area,
of rapidly growing cities is the root cause of urban problems. In most cities the
economic base is incapable of dealing with the problems created by their excessive
size. Massive immigration from rural areas as well as from small towns into big cities
has taken place almost consistently, hence adding to the size of the cities.

2. Overcrowding
Overcrowding is a situation in which too many people live in too little space. It is a
logical consequence of over-population in urban areas. Its naturally expected that
cities having a large size of population squeezed in a small space must suffer from
overcrowding. This is well exhibited by almost all the big cities of India.

3. Housing
Overcrowding leads to a chronic problem of shortage of houses in urban areas. This
problem is specifically more acute in those urban areas where there is large influx of
unemployed or underemployed immigrants who have no place to live in when they
enter cities/towns from the surrounding areas.

4. Unemployment:
Urban unemployment in India is estimated at 15 to 25 per cent of the labor force. One
of the major causes of urban unemployment is the large scale migration of people
from rural to urban areas. But the growth of economic opportunities fails to keep pace
with the quantum of immigration. The limited capacity of urban areas could not create
enough employment opportunities and absorb the rapid growth of the urban labor
force.

5. Slums and Squatter Settlements:

Unplanned and haphazard growth of urban areas is the growth and spread of slums
and squatter settlements. The proliferation of slums occurs due the shortage of
developed land for housing, the high prices of land, a large no.of rural migrants to the
cities in search of jobs etc.

6. Transport:
With traffic bottleneck and traffic congestion, almost all cities and towns of India are
suffering from acute form of transport problem. Transport problems increase and
become more complex as the town grows in size.

7. Sewage Problems:
Urban areas in India are almost invariably plagued with insufficient and inefficient
sewage facilities. Resource crunch faced by the municipalities and unauthorized
growth of the cities are two major causes. Most cities do not have proper
arrangements for treating the sewerage waste and it is drained into a nearly river
thereby polluting the water bodies.

8. Waste Disposal:
Most cites have improper arrangements for garbage disposal and the existing
landfills are full to the brim. These landfills are hotbeds of disease and innumerable
poisons leaking into their surroundings. People who live near the rotting garbage and
raw sewage fall easy victims to several diseases like dysentery, malaria, plague,
jaundice, diarrhea, typhoid, etc.

4] Explain the Genesis of Urbanization

Urbanization is the process by which rural communities grow to form cities, or urban
centers, and, by extension, the growth and expansion of those cities. Urbanization began
in ancient Mesopotamia in the Uruk Period (4300-3100 BCE) for reasons scholars have
not yet agreed on. It is speculated, however, that a particularly prosperous and efficient
village attracted the attention of other, less prosperous, tribes who then attached
themselves to the successful settlement.
For example:
The civilized life that emerged at Sumer was shaped by two conflicting factors: the
unpredictability of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which at any time could unleash
devastating floods that wiped out entire peoples, and the extreme fecundity of the river
valleys, caused by centuries-old deposits of soil. Thus, while the river valleys of southern
Mesopotamia attracted migrations of neighboring peoples and made possible, for the
first time in history, the growing of surplus food, the volatility of the rivers necessitated a
form of collective management to protect the marshy, low-lying land from flooding. As
surplus production increased and as collective management became more advanced, a
process of urbanization evolved and Sumerian civilization took root

5] What is socio cultural heritage?

Its the heritage of a locality, area, city or a country that involves both Societal and
cultural factors

Socio cultural heritage refers to all habits, attitudes, values and ideas that one learned
growing up. One learns it from parents, religion, school, friends and things that one
reads. When people talk about heritage, they are usually talking about one generation.
They usually mean a much longer line of cultural habits and ways of thinking.
Example: Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
This socio cultural heritage structure that is located in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is a
UNESCO World Heritage Site and a historic railway station which serves as the head
quarters of the Central Railways. Designed by Frederick William Stevens with influences
from Victorian Italianate Gothic Revival architecture and traditional Mughal buildings. The
station was built in 1887 in the Bori Bundar area of Mumbai to commemorate the Golden
Jubilee of Queen Victoria. Its one of the busiest stations in India, serving as a terminal
for both long distance trains and commuter trains of Mumbai Suburban Railway.

6] Explain Globalization in India and its after effects.

Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among people, companies and
government of different nations. Its a process driven by international trade and
investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the
environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity,
and on human physical well being in societies around the world. Its a process of
international integration arising from the interchange, products, ideas and other aspects
of culture.
Globalization in India is generally considered to mean integrating the economy of the
country with the world economy.

After Effects:

Being a diverse country, India is rapidly urbanizing along with the density of the
population. The impact of Globalization in India has intensified interdependence
and competition between economies in the Indian market.
Changes have taken place in the last two decades, especially in the nature and
pattern of urban growth. Economic and spatial structure of cities has begun to
reflect the changing composition of the global regional markets.
New townships with high quality infrastructure have sprung on the periphery of
large cities. The emergence on software and services outsourcing in India as one of
the most visible outcomes of globalization on land and housing markets.
For making local economies competitive, the cities are in the process of improving
city image and quality of life through infrastructure and other projects.

The pattern of urban life in India is characterized by continuous concentration of

population and activities in large cities. Nearly 30% of the total population lives in
urban area along with population pressure with the fulfillment of their needs.

Advantages of Globalization:

The growth in the Gross Domestic Product has improved the global position of
India. Initially, the primary sector generated a large percentage of the GDP. Now
the service sector is the main driver of Indian economy.
Growth in foreign exchange reserve, increased foreign investment and to a
considerable extent, control of inflation.

Disadvantages of Globalization:
Globalization has brought about rapid growth in the informal sector which has
resulted in undesirable impacts on the working population. As much as it has led to
the creation of jobs for many individuals, globalization is also contributing to the

suffering of people within the informal sector.

Globalization has resulted in poor health, deplorable working conditions and
bondage. Employers have been able to impose working conditions that are
extremely hazardous due to chronic insecurity among workers.

7] Mention the urban issues with reference to MMR.

The Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) is a metropolitan area consisting of the
metropolis of Mumbai and its satellite towns in Maharashtra. It consists of seven
municipal corporations and fifteen smaller municipal councils. The entire area is
overseen by the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA).
The problems faced in certain places of the MMR are insufficient allocation of resources
and very un-coordinated work by different organizations.
For example, Panvel. Panvel has, at present, lost its status and glory of the heritage city
that it was.
It was dotted by a number of Wadas (traditional, sustainable structures/homes). Most of
these Wadas are now made for re-development projects and high-risers have come in
their place. The people living in the premises of these Wadas and the owner of the
building want them to be not registered as heritage structures nor repair them since it
hinders the extent of the re-development projects.
Hence, there should be a combined effort by the government as well as the citizens got
the maintenance and upkeep of such places and help in preserve the heritage
structures of their respective areas

8] List the factors of Migration

Migration is defined on the basis of change in the place of residence. This may take place
within the districts, between the districts and between the states.
Push and pull factors
Push factors are the reasons why people leave an area. They include:
Unemployment
lack of services
lack of safety
high crime
crop failure
drought
flooding

poverty

war

Pull factors are the reasons why people move to a particular area. They include:
higher employment

more wealth
better services

good climate

safer, less crime

political stability
more fertile land
lower risk from natural hazards

9] Explain the characteristics of ideal open public

spaces.
Urbanization is ever increasing. Urban sprawls are eating away much of open spaces and
environmental degradation continues to be a major problem in many cities as the open
spaces available per capita are decreasing.
Open spaces play a critical role in creating urban sustainability, meaning the pursuit
and maintenance of urban form that synthesizes land development and nature
preservation.
Open spaces in urban systems include parks, gardens and road/street side planting.
Open space can be categorized in three levels:
at the regional level,

at city level and

at neighborhood level.

Following are the Characteristics of ideal open public spaces:

Should be Open to the sky

Should have mixed use for all the diversified age groups
Should be a Perennial city/town feature
Should play the role of circulation and accessibility between the
buildings/structures.
Should be in harmony with the surrounding (includes buildings, trees, water bodies
etc.)
Should try to conserve the natural resources as well as heritage in the respective
areas.
Should create a sense of community.

10] Explain the patterns of Indias Urbanization

The basic features or patterns of Indias urbanization can be listed as follows:

Lopsided urbanization induces growth of only cities.

Urbanization occurs without industrialization and strong economic base
Urbanization is mainly a product of demographic explosion and poverty
Induced rural - urban migration.
Rapid urbanization leads to massive growth of slum followed by misery.
Poverty, unemployment, exploitation, inequalities, degradation in the quality of
urban life.
Urbanization occurs not due to urban pull but due to rural push.
Poor quality of rural-urban migration leads to poor quality of Urbanization.
Distress migration initiates urban decay

11] Definitions
Satellite Cities
A satellite city is a concept of urban planning that refers essentially to smaller
metropolitan areas which are located somewhat near to but are mostly independent of
larger metropolitan areas. They are different from Suburbs or sub divisions because they
have their own centre. However, since it works as a part of a metropolis, a satellite city

gets cross commuting (people living in the city working outside of the city and the
people from other places working in the city).

Polarization
Polarization is the process by which megacities become so dominant, they limit urban
development elsewhere in the country; they end up becoming closer tied with first world
megacities than their own hinterlands. This leads to a process of cumulative causation.

Gentrification
The buying and renovation of houses and stores in deteriorated urban neighborhoods by
upper or middle income family individuals, thus improving property values but often
displacing low income families and businesses. Its mostly seen in large cities. Happens
as a result of increased interest of external citizens to live in a certain environment.

Urban Agglomeration
In the study of human settlements, an urban agglomeration is an extended city or town
area comprising the built up area of a central place (usually a municipality) and any
suburbs linked by continuous urban area. It can be pretty problematic to compare
different agglomerations around the world. It may not be clear whether an area should
be considered to be a satellite and part of an agglomeration or a distinct entity in itself.
Large urban clusters are called conurbation.

Urban sprawl
Urban sprawl a multifaceted concept of community planning especially relevant to
developed nations (and primarily the United States, Canada, and Australia), involving
topics that range from the outward spreading of a city and its suburbs to exurbs, to lowdensity and often auto-dependent development on rural land. It also describes the
expansion of human populations away from central urban areas into previously remote
and rural areas, often resulting in communities reliant upon heavy automobile usage.
The term also involves examination of impact of high segregation between residential
and commercial uses and analysis of various design features to determine which may
encourage car dependency.

HUMANITIES

CAMILLA FERNANDEZ
ROLL NO: 15
3 RD
YEAR B.ARCH
Smart cities
A developed urban area that creates sustainable economic
development and high quality of life by excelling in multiple key areas; economy,
mobility, environment, people, living, and government is called a Smart city. Excelling

in these key areas can be done so through strong human capital, social capital, and/or
ICT infrastructure.
A city that can use its natural resources smartly - be it water or even garbage - and is
sustainable and equitable to all its residents, can be labeled a 'smart city'.
Eg: Smart City Kochi is an IT Special Economic Zone under construction
in Kochi, Kerala in India. This project would be specially for IT allied services and is
aimed to create 90,000 direct jobs.

Infrastructure Development
Infrastructure is a major sector that propels overall development of the Indian
economy. The Secretariat for Infrastructure in the Planning Commission is involved in
initiating policies that would ensure time-bound creation of world class infrastructure
in the country. This section focuses on power, bridges, dams, roads and urban
infrastructure development. Details of the projects, organizations, policies, timelines,
schemes, spending on infrastructure are provided for the user.

12] What is the culture of Mumbai city?

Over the time Mumbai has turned from a primary fishing community and coastal culture
to a cosmopolitan economically vibrant city. It now inhabits residents of diverse culture
and religion.
The residents of Mumbai prefer to stay close to a railway station (or even a bus depot)
for easy access to the metropolis. The people of Mumbai lead a very fast paced life with
less time for activities since most of their time is spent daily on commuting.
Every religions festivals are greatly and unitedly celebrated here.
Mumbai is home to some of the finest art deco style buildings. For example, Marine
Drive.

13] Explain the public housing in Mumbai.

Mumbai has housing structures known as Chawl. These are the remnants of the once
booming cotton mills which provided job opportunities and led to migration of people to
Mumbai. Chawls still occupy a large portion of the Mumbai residential area.
CICO aims to prevent population influx into Mumbai, diverting it to the new town, Navi
Mumbai, by providing an urban alternative which will lure citizens wishing to relocate to
a city of peace and comfort. It plans to provide basic civic amenities to all and elevate
standards of living for people of all social and economic strata. In order to achieve these
goals, CIDCO started to develop land and provide the required physical infrastructure
such as roads, bridges, drainage and sewerage system, drinking water system and street
lights

14] What are the issues faced due to lack of urban

planning?
India is rapidly urbanising. Cities have grown and are further rising. The benefits
generated by urban economies are not equally shared and poor people who migrate
from rural to urban areas with the dream to become prosperous have to face many
challenges. Urbanisation in India is only shifting poverty from rural to urban areas.
The issues related to the lack of Urban Planning are as follows:

Rise in informal settlements.

Increase in urban poverty

Poor water and sanitation management

Related prevalence of health problems

Lack of rights for urban women particularly those who are informally employed

Rising urban food insecurity.

Lack of policy

Action on urban disaster preparedness

Affects development of real estate projects

Affects the cost of building the infrastructure

It also means investors have to be cautious because they dont know with certainty
what land is used for what purpose

Lack of planning means each district will have its own rules and regulations which
creates excessive bureaucratic barriers

This creates delay in getting building licences for projects

Zones that are heavily populated need to be updated. Some zones are over 40
years old.

Often there are no rules urban settings on issues such as allowable heights of
buildings and hence there have been delays in setting up water and sewage
systems