Chapter 2

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

A. Review of Related Literature

The Department of Education is the executive department of the Philippine
government responsible for ensuring access to, promoting equity in, and improving the
quality of basic education. It is the main agency tasked to manage and govern the
Philippine system of basic education. It is the chief formulator of Philippine educational
policy and responsible for the Philippine primary and secondary school systems. It has
its headquarters at the DepEd Complex in Meralco Avenue, Pasig City.
The department is currently led by the Secretary of Education, nominated by the
President of the Philippines and confirmed by the Commission on Appointments. The
Secretary is a member of the Cabinet. The current Secretary of Education is Leonor
Briones. Presently, its mission is to provide quality basic education that is equitably
accessible to all and lay the foundation for lifelong learning and service for the common
good. It has changed its vision statement, removing a phrase that some groups deem to
be "too secretarian" for a government institution.
Upon the start of Martial Law in September 1972, it became the Department of
Education and Culture, and subsequently reorganized into the Ministry of Education and
Culture in June 1978 by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 1397, due to the shift to a
parliamentary system of government. Thirteen regional offices were created and major
organizational changes were implemented in the educational system.

The Education Act of 1982 created the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports, which
later became the Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS) in 1987 via
Executive Order No. 117 by President Corazon C. Aquino.
In August 2001, the Governance of Basic Education Act was passed, renaming
the DECS to the Department of Education (DepEd) and redefining the role of field
offices, which include regional offices, division offices, district offices, and schools.
The Act also removed the administration of cultural and sports activities from the
department. The National Historical Institute, Records Management and Archives Office,
and the National Library are now administratively attached to the National Commission
for Culture and the Arts (NCCA). All previous functions, programs, and activities related
to sports competition were all transferred to the Philippine Sports Commission (PSC). In
addition, the Bureau of Physical Education and School Sports was abolished.
Reference:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Philippines)

B. Theoretical Theory
Hull's Drive Theory:
This demonstrates a linear relationship between performance and arousal. This
means at low levels of arousal, performance is low and performance increases in line
with an increase in arousal.
This theory also explains that novices to the sport often do not perform well
under pressure and their skill level decreases due to poor habits and ill- learned
techniques. Habits are described as the performance which is dominant within each
person. Experienced athletes tend to perform better under pressure due to their
superior skills and the use of stress management techniques.
Inverted U Law:
This law states that arousal improves performance up to an optimal point. Past this
point, performance begins to decrease. When drawn on a graph this appears as an
upside down U shape.
There are three rules which surround this theory:

Activity: Some sports are better performed at low arousal, mainly those which
require small, precision movements and control, e.g. shooting

Skill level: Beginners to a sport require all of their attention to be focused on the
task in hand and so do not cope as well with over-arousal. Highly skilled

individuals have the skill well practiced and so do not require such high levels of
concentration meaning they can deal better with the arousal level.

Personality: Extroverts perform better in high-pressure, high arousal situations.

Introverts tend to do better in a state of low arousal. This is thought to be
connected to part of the brain called the RAS or reticular activating system. This
controls the level of arousal. Introverts have a highly stimulated RAS and so
avoid stressful situations, whereas extroverts need high arousal situations to
stimulate the RAS

Reference:
http://www.teachpe.com/sports_psychology/motivation.php

C. Conceptual Framework
Respondents

2nd
year
ladderiz
ed
students

1st year
ladderiz
ed
students
3rd year
ladderiz
ed
students

Support to students
services feedback form
(Cultural & Sports)

D. Definition of terms
Respondents Bachelor of Engineering, BS Civil Engineering, BS Electronics
Engineering, BS Electrical Engineering, BS Environmental Science, BS Mechanical
Engineering, BT Information Technology, and BT Technical Education students.
Study - Support to students services feedback form (Cultural & Sports)