Exercise 1.

2 : Solutions of Questions on Page Number : 10

Q1 :

Show that the function f: R* R* defined by

is one-one and onto, where R* is
the set of all non-zero real numbers. Is the result true, if the domain R* is replaced by N
with co-domain being same as R*?

Answer :

It is given that f: R* R* is defined by

One-one:

f is one-one.
Onto:

It is clear that for yR*, there exists

f is onto.
Thus, the given function (f) is one-one and onto.
Now, consider function g: N R*defined by

such that

We have,

g is one-one.
Further, it is clear that g is not onto as for 1.2 R* there does not exit any x in N such that g(x) =
.
Hence, function g is one-one but not onto.
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Q2 :
Check the injectivity and surjectivity of the following functions:
(i) f: N N given by f(x) = x2
(ii) f: Z Z given by f(x) = x2
(iii) f: R R given by f(x) = x2
(iv) f: N N given by f(x) = x3
(v) f: Z Z given by f(x) = x3

Answer :
(i) f: N N is given by,
f(x) = x2
It is seen that for x, y N, f(x) = f(y) x2 = y2 x = y.
f is injective.
Now, 2 N. But, there does not exist any x in N such that f(x) = x2 = 2.
f is not surjective.
Hence, function f is injective but not surjective.

(ii) f: Z Z is given by,

f(x) = x2
It is seen that f(-1) = f(1) = 1, but -1 1.
f is not injective.
Now,-2 Z. But, there does not exist any element x Z such that f(x) = x2 = -2.
f is not surjective.
Hence, function f is neither injective nor surjective.
(iii) f: R R is given by,
f(x) = x2
It is seen that f(-1) = f(1) = 1, but -1 1.
f is not injective.
Now,-2 R. But, there does not exist any element x R such that f(x) = x2 = -2.
f is not surjective.
Hence, function f is neither injective nor surjective.
(iv) f: N N given by,
f(x) = x3
It is seen that for x, y N, f(x) = f(y) x3 = y3 x = y.
f is injective.
Now, 2 N. But, there does not exist any element x in domain N such that f(x) = x3 = 2.
f is not surjective
Hence, function f is injective but not surjective.
(v) f: Z Z is given by,
f(x) = x3

It is seen that for x, y Z, f(x) = f(y) x3 = y3 x = y.

f is injective.
Now, 2 Z. But, there does not exist any element x in domain Z such that f(x) = x3 = 2.
f is not surjective.
Hence, function f is injective but not surjective.
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Q3 :
Prove that the Greatest Integer Function f: R R given by f(x) = [x], is neither one-once
nor onto, where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x.

Answer :
f: R R is given by,
f(x) = [x]
It is seen that f(1.2) = [1.2] = 1, f(1.9) = [1.9] = 1.
f(1.2) = f(1.9), but 1.2 1.9.
f is not one-one.
Now, consider 0.7 R.
It is known that f(x) = [x] is always an integer. Thus, there does not exist any element x R such
that f(x) = 0.7.
f is not onto.
Hence, the greatest integer function is neither one-one nor onto.
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Q4 :
Show that the Modulus Function f: R R given by
onto, where

is x, if x is positive or 0 and

, is neither one-one nor

is - x, if x is negative.

Answer :
f: R R is given by,

It is seen that

f( - 1) = f(1), but - 1 1.
f is not one-one.
Now, consider - 1 R.
It is known that f(x) =

is always non-negative. Thus, there does not exist any element x in

domain R such that f(x) =

= - 1.

f is not onto.
Hence, the modulus function is neither one-one nor onto.
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Q5 :
Show that the Signum Function f: R R, given by

is neither one-one nor onto.

Answer :
f: R R is given by,

It is seen that f(1) = f(2) = 1, but 1 2.

f is not one-one.
Now, as f(x) takes only 3 values (1, 0, or - 1) for the element - 2 in co-domain R, there does not
exist any x in domain R such that f(x) = - 2.
f is not onto.
Hence, the signum function is neither one-one nor onto.
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Q6 :
Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7} and let f = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)} be a function from A to B.
Show that f is one-one.

Answer :
It is given that A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7}.
f: A B is defined as f = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)}.
f (1) = 4, f (2) = 5, f (3) = 6
It is seen that the images of distinct elements of A under f are distinct.
Hence, function f is one-one.
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Q7 :
In each of the following cases, state whether the function is one-one, onto or bijective.
Justify your answer.
(i) f: R R defined by f(x) = 3 - 4x
(ii) f: R R defined by f(x) = 1 + x2

Answer :
(i) f: R R is defined as f(x) = 3 - 4x.
.

f is one-one.

For any real number (y) in R, there exists

f is onto.
Hence, f is bijective.
(ii) f: R R is defined as
.
.

does not imply that

For instance,

f is not one-one.

in R such that

Consider an element - 2 in co-domain R.

It is seen that

is positive for all x R.

Thus, there does not exist any x in domain R such that f(x) = - 2.
f is not onto.
Hence, f is neither one-one nor onto.
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Q8 :
Let A and B be sets. Show that f: A x B B x A such that (a, b) = (b, a) is bijective function.

Answer :
f: A B B A is defined as f(a, b) = (b, a).
.

f is one-one.
Now, let (b, a) B A be any element.
Then, there exists (a, b) A B such that f(a, b) = (b, a). [By definition of f]
f is onto.
Hence,f is bijective.
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Q9 :

Let f: N N be defined by
State whether the function f is bijective. Justify your answer.

Answer :

f: N N is defined as
It can be observed that:

f is not one-one.
Consider a natural number (n) in co-domain N.
Case I: n is odd
n = 2r + 1 for some r N. Then, there exists 4r + 1N such that

.
Case II: n is even

n = 2r for some r N. Then,there exists 4r N such that

f is onto.
Hence, f is not a bijective function.

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Q10 :
Let A = R - {3} and B = R - {1}. Consider the function f: A B defined by

. Is f one-one and onto? Justify your answer.

Answer :
A = R - {3}, B = R - {1}

f: A B is defined as

.
.

f is one-one.
Let y B = R - {1}. Then, y 1.
The function f is onto if there exists x A such that f(x) = y.
Now,

Thus, for any y B, there exists

such that

Hence, function f is one-one and onto.

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Q11 :
Let f: R R be defined as f(x) = x4. Choose the correct answer.
(A) f is one-one onto (B) f is many-one onto
(C) f is one-one but not onto (D) f is neither one-one nor onto

Answer :
f: R R is defined as
Let x, y R such that f(x) = f(y).

does not imply that

For instance,

f is not one-one.
Consider an element 2 in co-domain R. It is clear that there does not exist any x in domain R
such that f(x) = 2.
f is not onto.
Hence, function f is neither one-one nor onto.
The correct answer is D.
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Q12 :
Let f: R R be defined as f(x) = 3x. Choose the correct answer.
(A) f is one-one onto (B) f is many-one onto
(C) f is one-one but not onto (D) f is neither one-one nor onto

Answer :
f: R R is defined as f(x) = 3x.
Let x, y R such that f(x) = f(y).
3x = 3y
x=y
f is one-one.

Also, for any real number (y) in co-domain R, there exists

f is onto.
Hence, function f is one-one and onto.

in R such that

The correct answer is A.