TOPIC : INCLINED BEDDING - FOLD ( LAB 2a )

1.0 OBJECTIVE
To plot ground profile and rock formations from geological map inclined beddings.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

a)

Students should able to plot subsurface profile.

b)

Students should able to understand the geological structure in subsurface

profile.
c) Students should able to understand a history of the geological area.
d)

3.0 THEORY
A geological map is one, which shows in the first place, the occurrence and distribution of the
rocks at the surface of the ground. Conventional sign may show certain facts of observation
about them. The geological map allows the geological structure of the country to be inferred.

Beds of rocks are bounded by bedding surfaces, which may be horizontal, tilted or bent in
any form or direction. A series of beds which have been laid down regularly one on the other,
and which may be treated as a whole, form a conformable series. It follows that the lower
beds are the older. In such a series of bedding surfaces are parallel. Each bedding surface is
usually common to two beds of rock, being the top of one and the bottom of the one next
above. In the simplest case, these surfaces are planes: bedding planes.

3.0 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

1. Geological map A
2.
3.
4.
5.

Graph paper/drawing paper A4 size

Ruler
Pencil
Colour pencils

5.0 PROCEDURE
5.1

Plot the cross-section with the horizontal and vertical scales accordingly to the
scale of the

geological

map on a piece of graph paper or blank sheet. Refer

Figure 1.1. The vertical scale is normally exaggerated to improve visibility of the
profile.
5.2 Draw a line to join the line of cross-section on the map, says A - B.
5.3 Using a blank piece of paper, mark the points of intersection accordingly between
the lines with the contours respective to its heights.
5.4

Transfer the points to the cross-section profile respective to the heights of the

contours.
5.5 Join the points to form the profile of the ground elevation.
6.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS
By referring to Map A,

Highlights the rock boundary to focus for determination of strike line.

Select two pints within the marked boundary of similar heights.

Draw the line between the two points to indicate the first strike line. Its
value corresponding to two value of the contour.

Select another point (of ascending @ descending contour value).

Draw a line that touches the parallel the select point to the first strike line.

Measure the distance (say, d1) cut at right angles to the parallel lines.

Determine the angle of dip of the fold.

Similarly, repeat similar procedure to the other wings of the fold.

Identify the thickness of the outcrop.

Rock Boundary

Dip Angle

Dip
Directio

CB

CB700

29

n
90

32

90

36

270

32

270

100
180

CB600

Tan = 100/180
=29
BA

BA700

200
320

BA500

Tan = 200/320
=32
AB

AB500
100

AB400

140
Tan = 100/140
=36

BC

BC500
100

BC400

160
Tan = 100/160

=32

CB

CB400

29

90

29

90

100
180

CB300

Tan = 100/18
=29
BA

7.0

QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION

1.

Outline how the geologists made the geology map.

- Geologists look at the rocks exposed in road cuts, outcrops, quarries, and river cuts
when mapping an area. Geologic information is drawn on top of a base map. The base
map orients the user in space by showing the location of rivers, lakes, roads, hills, and
valleys. Geologic maps are made by carefully studying the location, age, and identity
of geologic materials in a region, as well as the orientation and position of geologic
structures.

2.

Discuss the information that could be extracted from the geological map.
- Many information can be extracted from geological map. Geologic maps indicate
the distribution of different types of rock and surficial deposits, including locations of
geologic structures such as faults and folds. Geologic maps are the main source of
information for various aspects of land-use planning, and the siting of buildings and
transportation systems in part of the map. Geological maps help identify ground-water
aquifers, aid in locating water-supply wells, and assist in locating potential polluting
operations, such as landfills, safely away from the aquifers.

3.

Explain types of folds with the aid of diagram.

DOME
-

a dome is a deformational feature consisting of symmetrically-dipping anticlines;

their general outline on a geologic map is circular or oval. The strata in a dome are
upwarped in the center.

A bend in rock strata that are otherwise uniformly dipping or horizontal.

A ridge-shaped fold of stratified rock in which the strata slope downward from the

crest.

- A trough or fold of stratified rock in which the strata slope upward from the axis.
4.

Discuss how the fold structure was formed.

- Folds form under varied conditions of stress, hydrostatic pressure, pore pressure,
and temperature - hydrothermal gradient, as evidenced by their presence in soft
sediments, the full spectrum of metamorphic rocks, and even as primary flow
structures in some igneous rocks. A set of folds distributed on a regional scale
constitutes a fold belt, a common feature of orogenic zones.
Folds are commonly formed by shortening of existing layers, but may also be formed
as a result of displacement on a non-planar fault (fault bend fold), at the tip of a
propagating fault (fault propagation fold), by differential compaction or due to the
effects of a high-level igneous intrusion.

8.0

CONCLUSION
- As the result, we can describe from this experiment is at the end of this, we will
knew a categories of fold was happen in our earth. From the diagram in the graph,
we can see more details about the fault were occurred in the earth crust. Faults are
fractures which have had displacement of the rocks along them. From the
observation from map A, monocline fold seem to be occur because it has bend in
rock strata that are uniformly horizontal to the highest spot starting from 200 to
700.