MULTIMEDIA PROJECT 1

CUIN5333
Yeliz Tuna

Roles and jobs of a production crew for digital video

projects
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
The Executive Director is usually the teacher/instructor who is responsible for the progress of the group(s). This head of the studio
position approves project ideas (the pitch), meets with Director(s) and Producer(s) to ensure the project remains on-task and
appropriate, mediates any team issues, and assigns final grades to video productions. The Executive Director is the guide on the
side, yet is still available to support any student needs.
DIRECTOR
The Director represents and leads the team of students working on the project. The Director will help to ensure that all processes are
followed and will report team progress to the teacher (Executive Director.) Regular team meeting should be led by the Director. The
Director will be responsible for collecting and submitting permission slips (release forms) for student participants. The Director will
also make sure that all copyright laws are followed, proper copyright permissions are secured, and credits for materials and work are
properly referenced in the video. In some cases, the Director may also construct the storyboards.
PRODUCER
The Producer role coordinates the project schedule and the tasks during the entire project. The Producer is responsible for
communicating the next steps to all team members so that the project stays on schedule and meets the project objective(s). The
Producer will reserve equipment and supplies for the days work and be in charge of making sure all supplies are returned on time.
The Producer basically manages the day-to-day team operations. Producer duties may include reviews of the daily work log for the
team members, analysis of what changes may need to be made to the schedule, and reporting issues to the Director.

Scriptwriter
The Script Writer works with the Researcher and the team to provide the exact wording, the script, to be used for the video project. The
role of the Script Writer involves reviewing the research information to determine what facts might best convey the videos message, then
paraphrasing the research materials. In many cases, the Script Writer creates original writing that may not be directly related to the factual
information, such as dialogue between characters or entertainment-based work.
Camera Operator
The Camera Operator is in charge of the equipment during the shoot. The camera operator may gain direction from the Producer and/or
Set Designer, but will be the person responsible for creating the digital video footage. Actual capturing duties may include ensuring there
is enough videotape and that the lighting and audio will be correctly captured, marking the taped scenes, allowing black space between
scenes for later adding transitions, and knowing what scenes may need to be a re-shot the same day. The Camera Operator creates
clear scenes in order to make the editing process more efficient.
Video Engineer
A Video Engineer is an individual in a television studio who is responsible for the video portion of all television.

Audio Technician
You may wish to assign one individual to be in charge of making sure you not only capture the proper sound quality the day of the
shoot(s), but also to research music, to obtain permissions for use, and to suggest other sound "clips" to the team. In some cases, the
Camera Operator may assume these duties the day of the actual filming while the Film Editor suggests sound additions to the group
during the editing process.
Editor
The Film Editor will facilitate the process of viewing the footage with the team, deciding what shots should be used, and making the
final edits. The Film Editor will add music, consistent transitions, correct titles, text, and credits, while providing the video with an
overall look and feel that meets the project objectives. The Film Editor may work closely with the Producer(s), Writers, and Set
Designer to guide the overall effects of the film and lead the review of progress to the team during meetings. The Film Editor should
be able to select the best scenes and combine these with appropriate and effective special effects. Your video may require detailed,
time-consuming, art that needs to be produced using another application such as Photoshop or Flash. If so, a graphic artist may
be required who will work closely with the Film Editor. The Film Editor may complete basic editing transitions and also may supply
special graphical enhancements to the video.
Presenter
Presenters work at the front line of television, introducing and hosting programmes, reading the news, interviewing people and
reporting on issues and events

Roles and jobs of a production crew for multimedia

projects
Project Manager The project manager oversees the entire project. He is responsible for keeping track of budgets, deadlines,
and personnel.
Programmer / Coder The programmer encodes the project into computer code. He can work with the writer to find what
capabilities and skills are needed to present the project well. A programmer who can code in many formats can give the project
more depth of options.
Writer The writer is one of the most important jobs on the team. The writer generally provides all the information, data,
narrative, and text on the project. A good writer is a tremendous asset to the project. On projects, with a more limited role, the
writer uses text already provided to him and simply writes it.
Art Director The art director acts as an overseer for any graphics and creative designs on the project. He works especially
with the information architects and game designers, making sure that the graphics do not dominate the content (except on video
games). His work helps make the project more visual friendly to the user.
Animator The animator is especially important on projects where the best way to present the information is in an animated,
visual way. The animator can create sequential animation and graphics when needed on a project.

Researcher
-The Researcher is responsible for finding, analyzing, and compiling the information necessary for the video project. Research may
include, but is not limited to the following: interviews, surveys, primary source materials (documents, photos, music, etc.), and finding
facts or statistics. All research should be conducted using credible library resources. Depending on the size of the project, the
Researcher may also assume the role of Script Writer.
Audio Engineers
-Audio Engineers will provide audio content as needed. This includes sound effects, music, and voice-overs as needed. They will
perform audio editing, effects, compression, format to input to Authorware following the parameters established with the Technical
Engineer.- The Audio Engineers need to be familiar with the lab equipment for audio taping, music creation and editing. They should be
familiar with guidelines and tips for audio taping quality and will work with the Video Engineers at videotaping sessions and be
responsible for the audio content.
Programmers / Compilers
-The Programmers/Compilers tasks will overlap those of the Interactivity Designers and they will work closely throughout the production
process.-The Programmers/Compilers will transfer existing data to files for Authorware as needed, assemble parts into Authorware
movies (put the puzzle together), and perform extensive project testing. The programmers will do exactly that, programming with
Authorware variables, functions, and other use of the calculations. This will happen throughout the semester but it gets the most
challenging at the end when troubleshooting the project.

Basic camera techniques

Focus
Most cameras have automatic focusing systems, but you should be aware of where the camera is focused. The simplest way is to use
the centre-weighted option: pre-focus on your subject by holding the shutter release button halfway down, then frame the picture exactly
as you would like before depressing the button completely. Keep an eye on the viewfinder to check the focus. Practise this technique,
because many photographs you shoot won't have the subject in the centre of the frame or at the front. When shooting a close-up of a
face, focus on the eye nearest the camera.
Zoom
Zooming is one camera move that most people are probably familiar with. It involves changing the focal length of the lens to make the
subject appear closer or further away in the frame. Most video cameras today have built-in zoom features. Some have manual zooms as
well, and many have several zoom speeds. Zooming is one of the most frequently-used camera moves and one of the most overused.
Use it carefully.
White Balance
The image sensor in a digital camera does not see light the same way that film does. The sensor just receives light, generates an
analog charge that must then be interpreted by software to digital pixels. This gives digital cameras the ability to adjust color in camera.
White Balance allows a digital camera to calibrate all the colors based on the color White. In finding a reference White, all other colors
are adjusted accordingly. Ensure that your digital camera allows you to select different WB settings for different lighting situations, such
as outdoors, cloudy, fluorescent, and tungsten. The better digital cameras allow you to manually calibrate the white balance (Custom or
Manual WB) using a white (or gray) card.

Iris control
The ability to control a cameras iris opening plays an important role in image quality. An iris is used to maintain the optimum light
level to the image sensor so that images can be sharp, clear and correctly exposed with good contrast and resolution. The iris can
also be used to control the depth of field. Iris control can be fixed or adjustable. Adjustable iris lenses can be manual or automatic
(auto iris and P-Iris). Filters with shallow profiles may be better at keeping vignetting to a minimum, particularly when a lens is
used at a wide apertures.
Filters
Filters typically come in resin, glass and polyester varieties. The latter is the cheapest although optically they cant match the other
two types, which tend to be more expensive. Circular filters may be mounted straight onto a lens, while square filters require an
adaptor and holder. This makes circular filters more suitable for frequent use, such as when kept on a less all the time, although
square filters are more flexible in that they can be used with a variety of lenses. Some, such as ND grads, are also impractical to
use in a circular form.

Lighting techniques (
The goal of three point lighting is to create the illusion of a three-dimensional subject in a two-dimensional
image. While you can create dimension a number of different ways, theres no doubt that using light and shadow
is a powerful way to accomplish this, and three point lighting is the lighting technique most commonly used.

What are the three points of light were talking about?

The Key Light This is the main light used on your subject.

The Fill Light The purpose of this light is to fill in the shadows created by the key light, preventing
them from getting too dark.

The Back Light This is used to separate the subject from the background.

Basic video-shot vocabulary

Please click the link below for definition of Long shot, medium shot, extreme close

Basic video-shot vocabulary

VIDEO FILE FORMATS

AVI: AVI stands for Audio Video Interleaved and developed by Microsoft. An AVI file can use different codecs and formats so there is no
set format for an AVI file unlike for example standard VCD video which sets a standard for resolution, bitrates, and codecs used. Most
commonly used video codecs that use AVI structure are M-JPEG and DivX.
MPEG: MPEG stands for Moving Picture Expert Group in charge of the development of standards for coded representation of digital audio
and video. There are several audio/video formats which bear this group's name, such as MPEG1, MPEG2, MPEG4.
MOV: MOV is a file extension used by the QuickTime-wrapped files. QuickTime Content (.mov, .qt), developed by Apple Computer, is a
file format for storing and playing back movies with sound. This flexible format isn't limited to Macintosh operating systems. It's also
commonly used in Windows systems, and other types of computing platforms.
MP4: MP4 is the official filename extension for MPEG-4 Part 14 in essence. And MPEG-4 Part 14 is a standard specified as a part of
MPEG-4, which is a method of defining compression of audio and visual digital data and introduced by the Moving Picture Experts Group
(MPEG) in late 1998. MP4 is a multimedia container format most commonly applied to store digital video and audio streams, especially
those defined by MPEG, but also used to reserve other data such as subtitles and still images.

Analog video
Analog video is a video signal transferred by an analog signal. An analog color video signal contains luminance, brightness (Y) and
chrominance (C) of an analog televisionimage. When combined into one channel, it is called composite video as is the case, among
others with NTSC, PAL and SECAM. Analog video may be carried in separate channels, as in two channel S-Video (YC) and
multi-channel component video formats. Analog video is used in both consumer and professional television production applications.
Digital video
Digital video signal formats with higher quality have been adopted, including serial digital interface (SDI), Digital Visual Interface (DVI),
High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) and DisplayPort Interface, though analog video interfaces are still used and widely
available. There exist different adaptors and variants.
Codec
A codec is a device or computer program for encoding or decoding a digital data stream or signal. Codec is a portmanteau of
coder-decoder or, less commonly,compressor-decompressor. A codec encodes a data stream or signal for transmission, storage or
encryption, or decodes it for playback or editing. Codecs are used in videoconferencing, streaming media, and video editing
applications.

Drop Frame Timecode

Drop frame timecode is a format that allows the counter to more accurately indicate real time duration. Its able to do this by dropping
frames. The specific pattern drops the first two frames of every minute except every tenth minute. By doing this, the counter is adjusted
to compensate for video playing back slower than 30fps, specifically 29.97fps.
Resolution
The sending station determines the video's resolution and consequently, the load on the network. This is irrespective of the size of the
monitor used to display the video. Observing the video is not a reliable method to estimate load. Common high definition formats are
720i, 1080i, 1080p, etc. The numerical value of the format represents the number of rows in the frame. The aspect ratio of high
definition is 16:9 which results in 1920 columns. There is work underway on 2160p resolution and UHDV (7,680 x 4320). This format
was first demonstrated by NHK over an IP network and used 600 Mb/s of bandwidth. Video load on the network is likely to increase
over time due to the demand for high quality images. In addition to high resolution, there is also a proliferation of lower quality video
that is often tunneled in HTTP or in some cases, HTTPS, and SSL. Typical resolutions include CIF (352x288) and 4CIF (704x576).
These numbers were chosen as integers of the 16x16 macro blocks that is used by the DCT (22x18) and (44x36) macro blocks
respectively.

Differences and similarities between linear and

nonlinear editing
In the early days of electronic video production, linear (tape-to-tape) editing was the only way to edit video tapes. Then, in the 1990s,
non-linear editing computers became available and opened a whole new world of editing power and flexibility.
Non-linear editing was not welcomed by everyone and many editors resisted the new wave. In addition, early digital video was
plagued with performance issues and uncertainty. However, the advantages of non-linear video eventually became so overwhelming
that they could not be ignored
In the 21st Century non-linear gained dominance and linear editing headed towards obsolescence. During this time the description
"non-linear" was slowly abandoned as it was no longer necessaryalmost all editing was now digital and the "non-linear" aspect was
assumed. However, linear video editing is still being used in newsrooms and some production facilities where newer technologies are
not available. Because of the improvement in today's expertise, linear editing is less complex. As compared to non-linear editing,
linear editing will entail you to carefully learn the skills of a good videographer.

Change Video Signals From Analog To Digital!

How to output digital video to analog

Chroma Key or Color Key

Color Keying (also known as chroma key, green screen or blue screen) is a special effect/post-production technique used to composite
two clips together. This technique allows you to remove a single color from your video. The color removed is usually the background of
a video recorded in front of an evenly lit green or blue screen (like the weather forecaster at your local news station).Video for more

Frame and Fps

Cutaway and Jump Cut

Jump Cut
Cut between such two shots: they are made from similar camera angle, similar distance away from object, have similar image
composition. Jump cut looks like a technical mistake. You can get a typical jump cut by removing several frames from a single shot.
And audience will think exactly the same way: something is missing. Jump cut is generally not acceptable, but as you will find later, one
segment of this book is devoted in doing jump cut intentionally.
Cutaway
Within a sequence, you may edit out of one shot to another shot, which is different in subject matter from the previous one. This added
in shot is called a cutaway.
You can use cutaways to show reaction, parallel action, environment, or to avoid jump cut. video

Persistence of Vision and Rule of Thirds

Persistence of vision refers to the optical illusion whereby

multiple discrete images blend into a single image in the human
mind and believed to be the explanation for motion perception in
cinema and animated films. Like other illusions of visual
perception, it is produced by certain characteristics of the visual
system.

References

http://edtech.guhsd.net/video/roles.pdf
http://isweb.redwoods.edu/instruct/johnsonc/dm30/production.ht
m
https://www.asu.edu/alti/ltlab/tutorials/video/basics/type3_ml
s.htm
https://www.macxdvd.com/mac-dvd-video-converter-how-to/mp4-vsavi.htm
http://www.izzyvideo.com/three-point-lighting/
http://www.amateurphotographer.co.uk/technique/filters-explain
ed-2538
http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/solutions/Enterprise/Vide
o/pktvideoaag.html