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D
i
f St l St t
Limit State Method
LimitStateMethod
(AsPerIS800:2007)
Lecture4:Connections
Vaisakh G.
(AssistantProfessorinCivilEngineering,
Sree BuddhaCollegeofEngineering)
Buddha College of Engineering)
Connections
Section10ofIS800:2007.
Capableoftransmittingthecalculateddesign
actions.
actions
Connectionsaretheweakestlink./
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Analysis of Connections
AnalysisofConnections
Complexbehaviourofconnections.
Geometricimperfectionsandcomplexities
Lackoffit
Lack of fit
Residualstresses
Simplifiedbyassumptionsandapproximations
Pastexperience
Past experience
Experimentalresults
Ductilityofsteel
D tilit of steel Cl.10.1.4ofIS800:2007
Cl 10 1 4 of IS 800 2007
Distributionofforcesgeneratedwithinajoint
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Simple
Compatible
F ibl
Feasible
Easytofabricate
y
Safe
Economical
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Constituents
Components
Cleats
Gussetplates
p
Brackets
Connectingplates
Connecting plates
Connectors
Rivets
Ri t
Bolts
Pins
Welds
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Classification
Connectors
Rived
Bolted
Pined
Welded
Fixity
Rigid
Semirigid
S i i id
Flexible
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Choice of Connection
ChoiceofConnection
Thechoiceisentirelybythedesignerbasedon
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Agoodunderstandingoftheconnectionbehaviour
Economyandspeedofconstruction
Easeoffabricationanderection.
Clearancesnecessaryforfielderection
Tolerances
Tighteningoffasteners
Connectingprocedures
Subsequentinspection
Surfacetreatment
Maintenance.
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Weldedconnections
Noholesneedtobedrilledinthemember.
No holes need to be drilled in the member
Consequentlyhavehigherefficiencies.
Difficult,costly,andtimeconsuming.
Susceptibletofailurebycrackingunderfatigue
p
y
g
g
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Bolts
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Purpose of Washers
PurposeofWashers
Preventthetreadedportionoftheboltfrom
g
gp
bearingontheconnectingpieces
Distributetheclampingpressureonthe
bolted member
boltedmember
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InternationalStandards
OrganisationDesignationofBolts
Gradex.y
xindicatesone
x indicates onetenth
tenthoftheminimumultimate
of the minimum ultimate
tensilestrengthoftheboltinkgf/mm2
yindicatesonetenthoftheratiooftheyieldstress
y indicates one tenth of the ratio of the yield stress
toultimatestress,expressedasapercentage.
grade4.6
d 46
minimumultimatestrength40kgf/mm2 (392MPa)
minimumyieldstrengthof0.6times40,whichis24
2 ((235MPa).
kgf/mm
g/
)
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Classification of Bolts
ClassificationofBolts
BlackBolts
TurnedandFittedBoltsand
Turned and Fitted Bolts and
HighStrengthFrictionGrip(HSFG)Bolts
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Black Bolts
BlackBolts
Unfinished
U
s ed
Mildsteel
Usuallyofgrade4.6.
Have adequate strength and ductility when
Haveadequatestrengthandductilitywhen
usedproperly;
Whiletighteningthenutsnugtightwilltwist
Whil i h i
h
i h ill i
offeasilyiftightenedtoomuch
Snugtightisdefinedasthetightnessthatexistswhenall
pliesinajointareinfirmcontact.
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HighStrengthFrictionGripbolts
(HSFG)
Provideextremelyefficientconnections
P
id
t
l ffi i t
ti
Performwellunderfluctuating/fatigueload
Shouldbetightenedtotheirproofloads
Requirehardenedwasherstodistributetheload
Nosliptakesplaceunderworkingconditions
Loadtransmissionthroughfriction
Bearingwillgovernthedesign ultimate
HSFGboltsaremadefromquenchedand
q
temperedalloysteels
Gradesfrom8.8to10.9.
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TighteningofHSFGBolts(IS4000)
Turnofnuttighteningmethod
Theboltsarefirstmadesnugtightandthen
y p
(
y
turnedbyspecificamounts(usuallyeitherhalf
orthreefourthturns)toinducetensionequal
to the proof load
totheproofload.
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TighteningofHSFGBolts(IS4000)
C lib t d
Calibratedwrenchtightening
h ti ht i
method
Boltsaretightenedbyawrenchcalibratedto
g
y
producetherequiredtension.
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TighteningofHSFGBolts(IS4000)
g
g
(
)
Directtensionindicatormethod
Specialwasherswithprotrusions
p
p
Gapismeasuredbymeansofafeelergauge
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Classification ResultantForce
Classification
Resultant Force
Concentricconnection
Concentric connection
IftheforcetransferredpassesthroughtheCGofthe
connection.
Eg.Axiallyloadedcompressionandtensionmembers
Eccentricconnection
IftheloadisnotpassingthroughtheCGofthe
connection.
Eg.Bracketconnectionandseatconnection.
k
d
Momentresistingconnection
Whenthejointsaresubjectedtomoments.
h
h
b
d
Eg.Beamtocolumnconnectioninframed
construction.
construction
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Concentric Connection
ConcentricConnection
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Eccentric Connection
EccentricConnection
Bracketconnection
Resistanceisonlythroughshearinthebolts
Momentresistingconnection
Moment resisting connection
Combinationofshearandaxialtension.
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Classification TypeofForce
Classification
Type of Force
Shearconnection
Whentheloadtransferisthroughshear.
Eg.Lapjointandtensionjoint.
g pj
j
Tensionjoints
Whenloadistransferredbytensioninthebolts.
When load is transferred by tension in the bolts
Eg.Hangerconnection.
Combinedshearandtensionconnections
Combined shear and tension connections
Whenloadistransferredthroughthecombinationsof
shear and tension
shearandtension.
Eg.Inclinedmembersconnectedtocolumnsor
beams.
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Shear Connection
ShearConnection
Singleshear&doubleshear
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Tension Connection
TensionConnection
TensionConnection
Combinedtensionandshearconnection
Combined tension and shear connection
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Classification ForceTransfer
Mechanism
Bearingtype
Boltsbearsagainsttheholestotransfertheload
g
fromonemembertoanother.
Eg.Sliptypeconnection.
Eg Slip type connection
Frictiontype
Whentheforceistransferredbyfrictionbetween
theplatesduetotensioningofbolts.
Eg.Slipcriticalconnects.
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Failureofconnectingparts
Bearingfailureofplates.
Tensionortearingfailureofbolts.
Tension or tearing failure of bolts
Blockshearfailure
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Diameterofthebolts
Pitch
EdgeandEndDistances
TackingFasteners
Combination of fasteners
Combinationoffasteners
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DiameteroftheBolts
C
Connectionwithfewlargerdiameterboltsare
ti
ith f l
di
t b lt
economicalthanaconnectionwithsmaller
diameterbolts.
Workassociatedwithinstallationsincreases
Work associated with installations increases
numberofbolts.
Largerdiameterboltswhereboltshear
d
b l
h
b l h
governsthedesignbecausetheshearstrength
ofboltsvariesasthesquareofboltdiameter.
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Pitch
Distancebetweenthecenters oftwo
g
consecutiveboltsmeasuredalongarowof
bolts
Staggeredpitch
Staggered pitch
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Minimum Pitch
MinimumPitch
To
Topreventthebearingfailureoftheplate
prevent the bearing failure of the plate
betweenthetwobolts
Topermittheefficiencyininstallationofboltsby
To permit the efficiency in installation of bolts by
providingsufficientspacefortighteningofbolts
Topreventoverlappingofwashersandtoprovide
To prevent overlapping of washers and to provide
adequateresistancetotearoutofbolts.
Cl.10.2.2ofIS800:2007
Cl 10 2 2 of IS 800 2007
Thedistancebetweencentreoffastenersshall
notbelessthan2.5timesthenominaldiameter
b l
h 25 i
h
i l di
ofthefastener
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Maximum Pitch
MaximumPitch
Toensureacompactjointreducingthelength
ofconnection
Toensureuniformstressinbolts
Cl.10.2.3.1
Cl 10 2 3 1 maximumdistancebetweenthe
i
di
b
h
centresofanytwoadjacentfastenerswhich
shallnotexceed32tor300mm,whicheveris
less.
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Tacking Fasteners
TackingFasteners
Incaseofmemberscoveredunder10.2.4.3,
whenthemaximumdistancebetweencentres
of two adjacent fasteners as specified in
oftwoadjacentfastenersasspecifiedin
10.2.4.3isexceeded,tackingfastenersnot
subjected to calculated stress shall be used
subjectedtocalculatedstressshallbeused.
Spacinginalinenotexceeding32timesthe
thicknessofthethinneroutsideplateor300
mm, whichever is less.
mm,whicheverisless.
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Combination of Fasteners
CombinationofFasteners
Whendifferentfastenersareusedtocarry
g
yp
shearloadsorwhenweldingandothertypes
offastenersarecombinedtogether,thenone
form of the fasteners should be designed to
formofthefastenersshouldbedesignedto
takeupthetotalload.
Nevertheless,ifweuseHSFGboltsalongwith
h l
f
b l l
h
weldsandtheboltsaretightenedafter
weldingiscompleted,thensuchboltscanbe
used to share the load with the welds.
usedtosharetheloadwiththewelds.
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