ANADOLU UNIVERSITY

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE FACULTY

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT

( SPRING 2010 )
EEM 496
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT#1
REPORT

STUDENTS: YASN IBUK 31732325994

OSMAN GLERCAN 16169230356

( 02.03.2009 )
INTRODUCTION
In this experiment, our aim is that to generate amplitude modulated (AM) and frequency
modulated (FM) waveforms and to observe and analyze the modulated signals in both time
and frequency domains.

MAIN TEXT
At the begining we must learn to use the Agilent E4438C Vector Signal Generator, Agilent
DSO6034A Oscilloscope, and Agilent E4407 Spectrum Analyzer for making this experiment.
So, we made basic operations on the these devices. Our first basic operation, the sinusodial
wave was generated and was observed on the screen of Oscilloscope for Oscilloscope input
impedance 1M. The generated signal amplitude and frequency were shown below.

Oscilloscope input Signal generator Oscilloscope

impedance 1M
Amplitude(dBm) -10 -9.6
Frequency (MHz) 10 10
Average -2.9 mV
Amlitude(rms) 117.6mV

Next, the sinusodial wave was generated and was observed on the screen of oscilloscope for
oscilloscopes input impedance 50 . The generated signals amplitude and frequency are
shown below.

Oscilloscopes input Signal generator Oscilloscope

impedance 50
Amplitude(dBm) -10 -14.2
Frequency (MHz) 10 10
Average -2.9 mV
Amlitude(rms) 68.5mV

The differences of between the measured values of signal generator and oscilloscope are
derived from the oscilloscopes input impedance.

Second basic operation is that to generate sinusodial wave on the signal generator and observe
on the spectrum analyzer. We generate sinusodial wave as amlitude 10 dBm and frequency
10 MHz. We adjust the center freq. of spectrum analyzer to 10 MHz ,the start freq. to 9.5
MHz , and the finish freq. to 10.5 MHz. Measured values as shown below.
 Signal Generator Spectrum Analyzer
Amplitude(dBm) -10 -10.7
Mkr1 10 MHz 10 MHz

Next, these measurements were repeated and shown below table for Oscilloscope different
input impedances when the oscilloscope is connected to the other end of the connector .

Oscilloscopes input Signal Generator Spectrum Analyzer

impedance 50
Amplitude(dBm) -10 -14.1
Mkr1 10 MHz 10 MHz

Oscilloscope input Signal generator spectrum analyzer

impedance 1M
Amplitude(dBm) -10 -10.7
Mkr1 10 MHz 10 MHz

Secondly, we made AM generation and measurements. AM signal which has AM rate 100
kHz and AM depth 30 % was generated by the signal generator. Next, the signal generator
was connected to oscilloscope and Y1 and Y2 were measured from on the screen of
oscilloscope .

max. and min. Y were calculated from Y1 and Y2.

max. Y= Y2- Y1=-403 mV

min. Y= Y1-Y2 =-218.8 mV

Modulation index= (max. Y- min. Y)/( min. Y+ max. Y)

=(403-218.8)/(403+218.8)

=29.6 %
Modulation index and AM depth were same approximately.

After the signal generator was disconnected from oscilloscope , it was connected to spectrum
analyzer and the AM signal as shown below was observed. In addition, frequency and
amplitude were measured as shown table.
 Center signal Next peak Next peak
Amlitude (dBm) -11.3 -28.5 -28.5
Mkr1 (MHz) 10 10.1 9.9

Finally, we made FM generation and measurements. In orderly FM deviation, FM rate were

adjusted to 100 KHz and 50 KHz on the signal generator and a sine wave was generated by
the signal generator. Next, oscilloscope was connected to the signal generator and was
observed FM wave as shown below.

Its amplitude was -9.6dBm (334 mV). After that, we observed FM signal on the spectrum
analyzer in frequency domain. Respective amplitudes for carrier and sidebands of FM
waveform are determined by Bessel functions in the manner of Jn() where =kf /fm as shown
below table.

Center For J1 For J2 For J3 For J4

amplitude
Amplitude -23.8 dBm -15.5 dBm -19.7 dBm -28.3 dBm -39.6 dBm
Matlab Code:
n=0:1:5
B=2
J=besselj(n,B)
J0=besselj(0,B)
J/J0

Output:

n=

0 1 2 3 4 5

B=

J=

0.2239 0.5767 0.3528 0.1289 0.0340 0.0070

J0 =

0.2239

ans =

1.0000 2.5759 1.5759 0.5759 0.1518 0.0314

Yasins CONCLUSION
In this experiment, we learned to use laboratory devices and to analyze FM and AM waves.
The input impedance of oscilloscope effected our results . For AM signal we learned to find
modulation index and how to change the amplitude of carier signal. In additionally, we
proved for FM signal generation by using bessel functions.

Osman Glercan
Conclusion
In this experiment, we studied the generation of amplitude modulation(AM) and frequency
modulation(FM) signals by using Agilent vector signal generator, and we observed these
spectrums in the time and frequency domains by using the Agilents oscillascope and
spectrum analyzer. Firstly, we connected the signal generator to the oscillascope which
impedences can be changed 50 ohm to 1 M ohm. Then we adjusted the 10 Mhz frequency
signal with 10 dBm. After pressing the Auto-Scale button on the oscillascope keys, we
measured this signals frequency and amplitude. At 1 Mhz input impedance of oscillascope,
we measured the amplitude 333mV, average -2.9mV, frequency 10Mhz, rms 117.6mV. After
we measured these values, we saved these figures on our flash disk. We also observed the
measurements by changing signal generators input impedance to 50 ohm. Our new values
were changed to 196mV amplitude, -3mV average, 68.5mV rms. We corrected these values at
1Mhz that when the amplitude was 333mV, 20log0.333=9,56V was almost our 10dBm signal
amplitude. Secondly, we connected the signal generator to the spectrum analyzer and we set
the analyzer screens central line to 10 Mhz. We also adjusted the started frequency 9.5 Mhz,
the finish frequency 10.5 Mhz, and the SPAN X Scale 500 kHZ. We measured 1st marker
-10.7dBm at 10Mhz. Then we measured these values both oscillascope and spectrum analyzer
that when the oscillators input impedance was 50 ohm, the spectrum analayzer was
-14.12dBm which was big differences between -10.7dBm. However, when the oscillators
input impedance was 1 M ohm, the spectrum analayzer showed -10.77dBm which was
approximately equal its real value. Thirdly, we adjusted the signal generator to generate AM
with modulating frequency 100 kHz, and modulation index %30. We saw that the AM
generation was occured on the oscillascope. By adjusting Y cursors, we measured
Y=403mV which means Vmax, and Y=218.8mV which means Vmin. Then we calculated
the modulation index =( Vmax - Vmin ) / ( Vmax + Vmin ) = %29.6. We also, connected the
signal to the spectrum analyzer and we measured the sidebands which were at USB: 10.1
Mhz, -28.53dBm and at LSB: 9.9 Mhz, -28.49dBm. Finally, we generated the FM sine signal
with 100 kHz. FM deviation, 50 kHz. FM rate, -10dBm carrier amplitude. After we observed
its figure on the oscillascope, we connected the signal to the signal spectrum analyzer. Then
we located its sideband to 50 kHz intervals with each other. We saw that the Bessel function
curves and measured its values. These measures: J-4=-39.55dBm, J-3=-28.25dBm, J-2=-
19.70dBm, J-1=-15.49dBm, J0=-23.75dBm, J1=-15.50dBm, J2=-19.71dBm, J3=-28.25dBm,
J4=-39.56dBm. We also tried to calculate these bessel functions on matlab. To sum up, in this
laboratory, we learned the generation and the measure of AM and FM signals by using signal
generator, oscillascope and spectrum analyser.