CIVE1620: Matrices - Lecture 5

09/04/2009

Rules for Determinants: (a) Same Row

Linear Equations & Matrices

School of Civil Engineering

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

a11
A

CIVE 1620: Engineering Maths 1.1

a12

a13

a21 a22

a23

a21 a22

a23

Linear Equations & Matrix Algebra

a11

a23

a22

a23

a12

a21 a23

a13

a21 a23

a21 a22
a21 a22

=0

=0

=0

a11 a22a23 a22a23

a12 a21a23 a21a23

a13 a21a22 a21a22

If two rows or columns of a matrix are the same

the determinant is zero
Try this, expand along 2nd row:

Lecture 5
Rules for Determinants

a22

1 3 3
A

6 4 4

5 2 2

3 3

2 2

1 3

5 2

1 3

0 52 52 0

5 2

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

(b) Multiply Row by Scalar

1
2

1 2

4
2

2
3

Linear Equations & Matrices

2
3

1 2

16 12 8 12

1 2

2
2

4
2

2
3

1 2

0 1 0

1 2
Exchange
rows

1
2

1 2

4
2

5 1
2 3

Linear Equations & Matrices

1 3

1 2

1 2

16 20 8 4

2 4
1 2

2 4

14 4

1 0

A consequence of (a) and (b)

if any row (or column) is a multiple of another
row (or column) then the determinant is zero

(d) Addition Rule (adding to a row)Linear Equations & Matrices

A

Sign change

26 16 14

1 2

Interchanging two rows (or columns)

changes the sign of the determinant.
Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

4 4
0 2

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

(c) Exchange rows

5

1 0 2

32 24 16 24

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

2 4 4

2x

If a row or column of a matrix is multiplied

by a scalar the determinant is multiplied by
that scalar

Linear Equations & Matrices

Expand along 1st row:

A

2x

Example

1 2 5
2
1

1
4
2

2
2

52

3
2

1 2

56

1
4
2

1 2
2

56

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

CIVE1620: Matrices - Lecture 5

09/04/2009

(d) Addition Rule

Linear Equations & Matrices

For convenience here Aij = the minor of

the matrix element at row i, column j
a11 b11

a12

b12

a13 b13

a21

a22

a23

a31

a32

a33

a11 b11 A11

a12

b12 A12

(e) Adding multiples of rows

a11

a12

a13

a21

a22

a23

a31

a32

a33

a13 A13

b11 A11 b12 A12

a11

a12

a13

b11

b12

b13

a21

a22

a23

a21

a22

a23

a31

a32

a33

a31

a32

a33

b13 A13

1 2

5 1

8 4

1 2 3

1 5 1

r3 + r1

0 8 4
0 7 4

1
2

2 3

7 4

1 3

5 1
7 4

1 2

5 1

Determinant of the product of two

matrices is equal to the product of
their determinants:
AB A B

A
AB

B
2

15 8

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

a33

a12

a13

a21 a22

a23

a23

a21 a22

a23

a31 a32

a33

a31 a32

a33

Linear Equations & Matrices

1 2

A
1 3

AT

3 4

2 4

AT

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Linear Equations & Matrices

3 4

a32

(f) Transpose

32 28 4

1 32 28

8 4

(g) Product

1 2

a31

Determinant of the transpose is the same

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

a23

5 1

8 4

a13
a23

a21 a22

AT
r2 + 2r3

a22
a22

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

(e) Adding multiples of rows: Example

Linear Equations & Matrices
1

a12

Adding a multiple of one row to another

does not change the determinant

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

a21
a21

Using (d) then (b) then (a) we see that

a13 b13 A13

a11
a11 A11 a12 A12

a11
B

Linear Equations & Matrices

Apply these rules to Calc Determinant

Linear Equations & Matrices

Calculate:

4 2 2
A

2 4 2
2 2 4

Label rows and columns

4 2 2 r1

13

2 4 2 r2
2 2 4 r3

AB

26

c1 c 2 c3
Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

CIVE1620: Matrices - Lecture 5

09/04/2009

Apply these rules to Calc Determinant

Linear Equations & Matrices

Apply these rules to Calc Determinant

Linear Equations & Matrices
4 2 2

Aim to get as many zeros as possible

The more zeros, the less the effort
Ideally a triangle of zeros e.g.

2 4 2

2 2 4

r1=r1-r2

c2=c2+c1

2 6 2
2 4 4

0 4 1

2 0 0

r2=r2-1/2r3

0 0 2

1 4 0

Expand along row 3

3 6 7
0 0 2

2 0 0

3 6 7

0 4 1

2 0

6 7

4 1

2 4 4

3 7

0 1

3 6
0 4

2 3 4

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

4 4

32

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Example of Determinant Calculation

Linear Equations & Matrices
Todays lecture:

1 2 2
4 3 5

Rules for Determinants

4 2 7
c 2 2c1 1

c3 2c1 4

8 13

1
r 2 3r 3

1 13

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

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