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1. INTRODUCTION
Biomass is of interest in valuable alternative
resources as feedstock for bio-fuel production.
Renewable energies, inclusive of ethanol and biodiesel,
are sought for to be used as substitutes for petroleumbased fuels (respectively gasoline and diesel), especially
at times of energy crises [1]. Ethanol can be produced
economically from low cost starting materials such as
agricultural residues and wastes [2]. Three main types of
raw materials for ethanol production using biological
method are cellulose, carbohydrate and sugar [3-5]. The
majority type from agricultural materials is cellulose.
However, the other two types are easier to be
transformed into bio-ethanol fuel.
Ethanol production procedures from biomass
including corn, wheat, grain and seeds, which are rich in
carbohydrates, consist of feedstock preparation or
pretreatment, hydrolysis (transforming carbohydrate into
sugar), fermentation (converting the sugar into ethanol)
[3] and product purification (distillation or evaporation).
The essential hydrolysis step, which provides the
fermentable sugar, can be carried out by using enzyme or
microorganisms.
Loog Pang Kao Mhark (a rice cake starter) is an
inexpensive organism source which has been used
traditionally for fermented food and alcoholic drink
productions. Important organisms in the rice cake starter
that can transform cellulose and carbohydrate into
fermentable sugar are Aspergillus sp., Rhizopus sp., and
AOAC
(Kjeldahl Method)
AOAC
(Soxhlet Extraction
Method)
AOAC
(Loss on Drying
at 95-100C)
AOAC
AOAC
(Fritted Glass Crucible
Method)
Total
Carbohydrate
Calculation
Energy
Calculation
Total Sugar
Reducing
Sugar
Analytical methods
Fresh
seeds
Prebiotic
extracted
seeds
5.48%
4.99%
0.21%
0.23%
56.51%
58.83%
1.42%
0.75%
1.27%
2.20%
36.38%
35.20%
169.33
kcal
0.60%
133.2
g/ml
162.83 kcal
0.40%
282.5
g/ml
3.3.4 Effect of pH
The ethanol contents in the experiments increased
with increasing pH from 3.0 to 5.0 (Fig. 6.).
Nevertheless, the conversion rate slowed down mildly in
the range of 5.0 to 5.5. Thereby, pH of 4.5 and 5.0 were
chosen for further study.
Table 3. Results of Taguchi experiments for determining
of the optimum condition of the simultaneous hydrolysis
and fermentation
Experimental
t
S
P Ethanol content
Number
(%v)
Level
1
1
1
1
11.3
2
1
2
2
13.0
3
2
1
2
14.6
4
2
2
1
15.3
Because 30 C and 100 rpm were already deemed
appropriate for the process, this rendered only the three
vital factors to be investigated by the Taguchi method. It
can be seen from Table 3. that Experimental Number 4
gave maximum ethanol content. Therefore, for
hydrolysis combined with fermentation the optimum
process was at a temperature of 30 C with 4 %wt starter,
5.0 pH for 144 h and 100 rpm.
This research showed that prebiotic extracted seeds
were a potential feedstock for ethanol production
comparable with other materials such as millet flour [14]
and sweet sorghum juice [15].
4. CONCLUSION
Results obtained from this work have demonstrated
that prebiotic extracted jackfruit seeds, the residual
products from prebiotic extraction, are a satisfactory
material for ethanol production. The main feature of the
process is a simple operation employing low cost
organisms (Loog Pang Kao Mhark) that could reduce
production steps and save costs. The final product can
meet a standard requirement for 95 %v commercial
ethanol product.
5. ACKNOWLEGDMENT
This research was financially supported by the
National Research Council of Thailand: NRCT 20112012, Contract No. ENG540091c-2, Faculty of
Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand.
6. REFERENCES
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