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Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Proceedings, Moscow, Russia, August 1821, 2009 1555

General Design of Compact T-shaped Line Filter with Ultra-wide


Stopband
Y. Z. Zhu1, 2 , X. J. Zhang1 , and G. Y. Fang1
1

Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China


Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

Abstract In this paper, the series quarter-wavelength line in conventional filters are replaced
by open-stub T-shaped lines, resulting to ultra-wide stop band. Generalization of this compact
open-stub T-shaped transmission structure is presented. Filters with this structure have ultra
stopband as well as a smooth passband and a steep transition band. The design equations for
generating the parameters of the T-shaped lines are derived. Furthermore, this structure can also
reduce the size of conventional filter. A hairpin bandpass filter with center frequency at 2.5 GHz
is designed with the proposed structure. The simulation show good characteristics. Its 35 dB
stopband reaches 10.6 GHz. The results show that the strong restriction band can be as high as
the fourth order harmonic frequency with compact layout and good passband.
1. INTRODUCTION

Filters are crucial components in microwave and millimeter-wave circuits. However, filters always
suffer from the interference of its spurious passbands, which are normally at its second or third
harmonic resonant frequencies. Several techniques have been proposed to restrict its spurious passband. For example, stepped-impedance resonators are used to shift the second harmonic passband
to higher frequency [1] and changes of the input and output tapping could have extra transmission
zeros in the stopband [2]. Furthermore, the EBG/DGS-based filter has over 20-dB restriction at
the second harmonic [3, 4]. The shunt quarter-wave-length open stubs were introduced to produce
transmission zeros at the stopband [5]. Filters in corrugated and wiggly line have over 30 dB suppression at the harmonic band [6, 7]. Another method to restrict harmonics is to using asymmetric
parallel-coupled units [8]. However, these methods are still accompanied by complicated design or
process limitation. Additionally, some of them would also affect the insertion loss in the passband
and increase the overall circuit size.
In this paper, we substitute the equivalent open-stub T-shaped lines for the series quarterwavelength connecting lines in filter form, realizing the integrating bandstop filters into the conventional bandstop or bandpass filter. In this way, the proposed filters have compact size and
ultra-wide stopband, which is as high as triple or quadruple fundamental frequency. Similar methods has been reported by several thesis academically [911]. However, there is no design equation
for the equivalent lines in [9] and its design is a simple pleonastic tentative procedure. In [10], the
design equations are only given for a special case (all line are of the same characteristic impedance).
In [11], the lengths of used open-stub are fixed at quarter-wavelength, which only restrain the second
harmonic band and the higher spurious passband cannot be restricted.
This paper presents the generalization of the compact open-stub T-shaped transmission structure. By substituting the generalized T-shaped transmission lines for the series transmission line
of conventional filters, we could get a bandpass or lowpass filter with ultra stopband as well as a
smooth passband and a steep transition band. The design equations for generating the parameters of the equivalent open-stub T-shaped lines are derived by building transmission-line model.
Based on this model, the equivalent T-shaped lines show good passband characteristics in the fundamental resonant band and sharp band-rejection characteristics in the harmonic frequency band.
Furthermore, this open-stub T-shaped transmission structure can also reduce the size of conventional filter. A hairpin bandpass filter with center frequency at 2.5 GHz and 400 MHz bandwidth is
designed with the proposed structure. The electromagnetic simulation show good characteristics.
The insertion loss is less than 1.4 dB and the VSWR is less than 1.4 in the passband. The 40 dB
stopband reaches 8.16 GHz and 35 dB stopband reaches 10.6 GHz. Its size is 23.4% less than the
conventional hairpin bandpass filter. The results show that the strong restriction band can be as
high as the fourth order harmonic frequency with compact structure and good passband.

PIERS Proceedings, Moscow, Russia, August 1821, 2009

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2. DESIGN OF FILTER WITH ULTRA-WIDE STOPBAND

A conventional 6-order microstrip hairpin bandpass filter is shown in Figure 1. It is built in a


microwave substrate whose relative permittivity r is 2.55 and thickness is 20 mil. Its central
frequency is 2.5 GHz and 3 dB bandwidth is 400 MHz. Its input and output ports are designed to
be 50 ohm line. Its size is 21.93 mm 56.72 mm. The detailed designer procedure of this hairpin
filter are presented in classic microstrip filter literature. The characteristics of it are shown in
Figure 4. Here we pay attention to its stopband instead of its passband. If we define that the
stopband where S21 is greater than 35 dB is spurious bands, the figure denotes that there are
three spurious bands which exist from 4.89 GHz to 5.36 GHz, from 7.42 GHz to 7.64 GHz and from
9.10 GHz to 10.52 GHz. The three spurious bands are respectively corresponding the first, second
and third fundamental frequency. This will have great influence to the noise that lie in these
spurious bands.
In order to restrict the spurious bands in the stopband without increase the overall filter size, we
substitute the open-stub T-shaped lines for the series transmission line. The substitutional sketch is
shown in Figure 2(a). The open-stub T-shaped lines has great attenuation in its resonant frequency
but has small insertion loss within other frequency band. If we set its resonant frequency to be
the spurious frequency point, it can be a good choice of harmonic suppression. As the spurious
bands are relatively discrete in frequency band, only one or two substitution is not enough. We
replace all the six series transmission line with six open-stub T-shaped lines. After substitution, the
transformative 6-order microstrip hairpin bandpass filter is shown as Figure 3. Its input and output
ports are also designed to be 50 ohm line. Its size is only 19.67 mm 43.47 mm, which is 23.4% less
than the conventional hairpin bandpass filter. The length of open stubs is to control the restricted
position at frequency. Thus these six open-stub T-shaped lines produce several transmition zero
points in the stopband, which restrict spurious bands.
The transmitted and reflected characteristics of the transformative T-shaped line hairpin filter
is also described in Figure 4. From this figure we can see, the characteristic of passband is almost
not affected by the substitution while the stopband is greatly optimized. the Here we pay attention
to its stopband instead of its passband.The insertion loss of passband only falls with 0.2 dB and the
reflection loss only increase with less than 4 dB. The VSWR in the passband is still less than 1.4
after substitution. At the same time, the 40 dB stopband reaches 8.16 GHz and the 35 dB stopband
reaches 10.8 GHz. The first, second and third harmonic spurious bands are all be suppressed. The
results show that we get a compact bandpass hairpin filter with ultra stopband as well as a good
passband and a steep transition band. Its stopband can be as high as the fourth order harmonic
frequency.

Figure 1: Conventional 6-order microstrip hairpin bandpass filter.

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: Series transmission line is replaced by open-stub T-shaped. (a) Sketch, (b) equivalent transmission
model.

Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Proceedings, Moscow, Russia, August 1821, 2009 1557

Figure 3: T-shaped line 6-order microstrip hairpin bandpass filter after substitution.

Figure 4: Characteristics of conventional and T-shaped line hairpin bandpass filter.


3. ANALYSE OF THE T-SHAPED LINE AND ITS DESIGN PARAMETERS

The normal transmission line and the T-shaped line are contrasted in Figure 2(b). Suppose the
characteristic impedance of transmission line is Z0 and its electrical length is 0 . The characteristic
impedance of the connected line and open stub of T-shaped line are respectively Z1 and Z2 , and
their electrical length are respectively 1 and 2 .
The ABCD matrix of the normal transmission line is
#
"
cos 0 jZ0 sin 0
.
(1)
M0 = j sin 0
cos 0
Z0
The open stub T-shaped line consisted of two side connected lines and one open stubs. If the
discontinuity of T shaped line and the open end effect of open stub are ignored, their ABCD matrix
are respectively
"
#
"
#
cos 1 jZ1 sin 1
1
0
M1 = j sin 1
,
M2 = j tan 2
.
(2)
cos 1
1
Z1
Z2
Considering the cascading of these two network, the equivalent ABCD matrix of open stub
T-shaped line can be expressed as
MT = M1 M2 M1
(3)
If we substitute the open-stub T-shaped lines for the series transmission line, the following
equation must hold true,
MT = M0
(4)
With (1)(5), we can get
Z1 = cot 1

1 cos 0
Z0 ,
sin 0

Z2 = tan 2

cos2 1
1 cos 0

Z0
cos 21 cos 0
sin 0

(5)

Equation (5) is the design relation between the normal transmission line and the open stub
T-shaped line. We analyze these two equations in this section:

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PIERS Proceedings, Moscow, Russia, August 1821, 2009

(i). The open stubs is to suppress harmonic frequency. The order which suppressed harmonic
frequency n is determined by 2 : 2 = 90 /n.
(ii). In substituting, Z0 , 0 and the suppressed harmonic order n is known, Z1 , Z2 and 1 is to
be designed. Therefore there are infinite groups solutions that satisfy (5). Considering the
realization of microstip line (line width should be greater than 0.1 mm and so on), only part of
them is reasonable. We can choose suitable value for 1 , then Z1 and Z2 can be determined.
(iii). From (5), only cos 21 cos 0 > 0 makes Z2 positive. Thus the range of 1 can be limited
within 0 < 1 < 0 /2. This also denotes that the physical length of the open stub T-shaped
line is less than that of the normal transmission line, which insure the compactness of the
transformative filter.
(iv). When 1 = 0 /2, Z1 = Z0 and Z2 . The input impedance of open stubs is also run to ,
which is equivalent to open circuit. Actually this is the normal transmission line regressively.
4. CONCLUSION

The generalized open stub T-shaped transmission lines is presented to replace the series transmission
line of conventional filters in this paper. By this way, we could integrate bandstop characteristics
into conventional filter and thus get a bandpass or lowpass filter with ultra stopband as well as
a smooth passband and a steep transition band. Moreover, this open-stub T-shaped transmission
structure can also make filters more compact. Over 35 dB harmonic frequency suppress and 23.4%
size deduction have been achieved. Strong restriction band can be as high as the fourth order
harmonic frequency with good passband. The open stub T-shpaed line will have great potential in
current microwave and millimeter-wave applications.
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