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CHAITANYA NIRGULE
KENDRIYA
PANVEL
VIDYALAYA
ONGC
BONAFIDE
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that CHAITANYA NIRGULE
of class XII has successfully completed the
investigatory project on TO STUDY
VARIATION OF CURRENT USING A LDR,
under the guidance of Mrs.sunita sharma.
During year 2016 - 2017
Roll No.
Internal
Signature
Principle
External
Signature
TO STUDY VARIATION OF
CURRENT USING A LDR
INTRODUCTION
AIM & APPARATUS
THEORY
PROCEDURE
OBSERVATIONS
CONCLUSION & RESULT
SOURCES OF ERROR
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
The general purpose photoconductive cell is also
known as LDR light dependent resistor. It is a type
of semiconductor and its conductivity changes with
proportional change in the intensity of light.
There are two common types of materials used to
manufacture the photoconductive cells. They are
Cadmium Sulphide (CdS) and Cadmium Selenide
(CdSe).
Extrinsic devices have impurities added, which have
a ground state energy closer to the conduction band
since the electrons don't have as far to jump, lower
energy photons (i.e. longer wavelengths and lower
frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. Two
of its earliest applications were as part of smoke and
fire detection systems and camera light meters. The
structure is covered with glass sheet to protect it from
moisture and dust and allows only light to fall on it.
APPLICATIONS
Lead sulfide (PbS) and indium antimonide (InSb) LDRs
are used for the mid infrared spectral region.
GeCu are used for infrared astronomy and infrared
spectroscopy.
Analog Applications
Camera Exposure Control
Auto Slide Focus - dual cell
Photocopy Machines - density of toner
Colorimetric Test Equipment
Densitometer
Electronic Scales - dual cell
Automatic Gain Control modulated light source
Automated Rear View Mirror
Digital Applications
Automatic Headlight Dimmer
Night Light Control
Oil Burner Flame Out
Street Light Control
Position Sensor
THEORY
1.) LDR and its characteristics
When light is incident on it, a photon is absorbed and
thereby it excites an electron from valence band into
conduction band. Due to such new electrons coming up in
conduction band area, the electrical resistance of the
device decreases. Thus the LDR or photo-conductive
transducer has the resistance which is the inverse
function of radiation intensity.
Spectral Response
Like the human eye, the relative sensitivity of a
photoconductive cell is dependent on the
wavelength (color) of the incident light. Each
photoconductor material type has its own unique
spectral response curve or plot of the relative
response of the photocell versus wavelength of light.
PROCEDURE
OBSERVATIONS
The experiment has been conducted by using
various sources with different power ratings.
Voltage of the battery = 6 V
1.) 15 watts (yellow) (wavelength = 570nm)
Serial
No
DISTANCE FROM
SOURCE
(cm)
RESISTANCE
(Kilo ohm)
CURRENT
(micro ampere)
1.
2.
3.
4.
50
40
30
20
142.5
69
41
21
40
80
150
300
DISTANCE FROM
SOURCE
(cm)
RESISTANCE
(Kilo ohm)
CURRENT
(micro ampere)
1.
50
51
120
2.
40
35
170
3.
30
22
270
4.
20
11
540
DISTANCE FROM
SOURCE
(cm)
RESISTANCE
(Kilo ohm)
CURRENT
(micro ampere)
1.
50
20
300
2.
40
13
460
3.
30
8.5
700
4.
20
4.5
1330
DISTANCE FROM
SOURCE
(cm)
RESISTANCE
(Kilo ohm)
CURRENT
(micro ampere)
1.
50
15.5
380
2.
40
10
600
3.
30
1000
4.
20
2000
10
SOURCES OF ERROR
11
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.wikipedia.com/
www.electronics2000.co.uk/links/education-hobby/
www.ecelab.com/
12