FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

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FOUNDATION ENGINEERING 1
RPD-I
2006 Ir. G. Aponno, MS.

Transcosna Grain Elevator, Canada

Oct. 18, 1913
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Analysis of Failure Mechanisms

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1. Definition & Terminology

2. General Bearing Capacity
3. The Influence of GWL to BC
4. Excentric Loads
5. Pressure in Soil mass
6. Foundation Settlement
7. Retaining Structures
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LITERATUR
1. Bowles, J. E. (1999), Foundation Analysis and Design,
McGRAW-HILL, International Editions, 5th Ed..
2. Cernica, J. N. (1995) Geotechnical Engineering Foundation
Design John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3. Coduto, D. P. (1994) Foundation Design-Principles
and Practices, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
4. Das, B. M. (1984), Principles of Foundation
Engineering, Brooks/Cole Engineering Division, Monterey,
Calf.
5. Liu, C. and Evett, J. B. (1981), Soils and Foundations,
Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
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Geotechnical ENGINEERING
is a discipline of Civil Engineering that deals with

soil, rock, and underground water, and their relation

to design, construction and operation of engineering
projects

can be defined as the part of civil engineering that

involves the interrelationship between the geological

environment and the work of humans

It is also sometimes called

o Foundation Engineering
o Soil Engineering
o Ground Engineering
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Geotechnical Engineering
can be separated into two parts:
Soil mechanics: encompasses topic associated
with the physical index properties of the soil, water flow
through soils, stress and deformation phenomena in soils,
strength parameters, general bearing capacity, field
exploration techniques, laboratory testing, and frequently
brief reflection on geology

Foundation engineering: focuses more on the design

of various types of foundations, including a variety of
footings, piles, and drilled piers, as well as structural
members such as retaining walls, sheet piles, and bracing,
whose primary function is to provide lateral earth support.
(Cernica, J. N.,, 1995,Geotechnical Engineering Foundation Design)
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FOUNDATION ENGINEERING 1
Fondasi (Foundation):
Adalah bagian dari struktur yang berfungsi untuk menyalurkan
beban-beban dari struktur bagian atas kelapisan tanah atau
batuan dibawahnya
Perencanaan Fondasi (Foundation Design):
Sebuah kegiatan yang terdiri dari dua tahapan proses:
(1)

pemilihan jenis fondasi berdasarkan stratifikasi dan

jenis tanah, serta besar dan sifat pembebanan

(2)

menentukan ukuran, detil elemen struktur fondasi

Rekayasa Fondasi (Foundation Engineering):

Adalah bidang ilmu yang membahas tentang metoda
perencanaan, pelaksanaan konstruksi, dan pengawasan
pekerjaan struktur fondasi
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Types of Foundation
1.

Fondasi Dangkal (Shallow Foundations)

Pelat setempat (Isolated Footings)
Pelat gabungan (Combined Footings)
Pelat menerus (Continuous Footings)
Pelat penuh / menyeluruh (Mat/Raft Foundation)

2.

Fondasi Dalam/Tiang (Deep/Pile Foundations)

Fondasi Tiang pancang (Driven Pile)
Fondasi Tiang Bor (Bored Pile)

3.

Fondasi Khusus (Special Foundations)

Fondasi Mesin (Machine Foundation)
Fondasi Inovatif (Cakar Ayam, Sarang Laba-laba, dlsb.
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Type of Shallow Foundations

Square

Circular

Combined

Rectangular

Continuous

Ring

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Combined/Strap Footing
Cantilever or strap
footings consist of
two single footings
connected with a
beam or a strap and
support two single
columns. This type
replaces a combined
footing and is more
economical.
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Mat Foundations
Rafted or mat foundation consists of
one footing usually placed under the entire
building area. They are used, when soil
bearing capacity is low, column loads are
heavy single footings cannot be used, piles
are not used and differential settlement
must be reduced.
Fondasi Rakit / Pelat Penuh / Pelat Menyeluruh
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Several types of Mat Foundations

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. . . . . . . Continued

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Foundation Design Criteria

1.

Tegangan pada alas fondasi akibat beban

kerja tidak mengakibatkan terjadinya
keruntuhan geser pada lapisan tanah
pendukung dibawah alas fondasi

2.

Penurunan yang terjadi masih berada

dalam rentang batas penurunan yang
diijinkan

3.

Dapat dilaksanakan, dan layak secara

ekonomis, serta ramah lingkungan
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Stability Problem
Bearing Capacity Failure

Bearing Capacity Analysis

How do we estimate the maximum

bearing pressure that the soil can
withstand before failure occurs?

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Types of Foundation Failure

General Shear Failure

Local Shear Failure

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Punching Shear Failure

Foundation Failure Mechanism

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General Guidelines

Footings in clays

- general shear

Footings in Dense sands

(Dr > 67%)
- general shear
Footings in Loose to Medium dense
(30%< Dr < 67%) - Local Shear

Footings in Very Loose Sand

(Dr < 30%)
- punching shear
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Model Tests by Vesic (1973)

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Terzaghi Bearing Capacity

Formulas

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Full-scale load tests

Soil properties from laboratory tests
In-situ soil properties

Note: Full-scale loads tests are seldom

used due to expensive

Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Formulas

(1943)

DB
No sliding between footing and soil
Soil is a homogeneous semi-infinite
mass
General shear failure
Footing is very rigid compared to soil
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Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Formulas

(1943)
General shear failure
For Continuous Foundations (B)
qult. = c Nc + g Df Nq + 0,5 g B Ng
For Circular Foundations (diameter D)
qult. = 1,3 c Nc + g Df Nq + 0,3 g D Ng
For Square Foundations (B x B)
qult. = 1.3 c Nc + g Df Nq + 0,4 g B Ng
For Rectangular Foundations (B x L)
qult. = c Nc (1+0,3 B/L) + g Df Nq + 0,5 (1
0,2 B/L) g B Ng
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dimana:
Qult. =
c
=
g
=
Df
=
B&L=
Nc, Nq, Ng
=

satuan daya dukung batas

kohesi tanah
berat isi tanah
kedalaman fondasi
dimensi fondasi

faktor-faktor daya dukung

Terzaghi
=
f (f)
Faktor Nc, Nq, Ng, dapat dihitung dengan
menggunakan rumus matematis, atau untuk tujuan
praktis telah disediakan tabel dan grafik.
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Faktor-faktor daya dukung Fondasi

Dangkal menurut Terzaghi (1943)

Nq

Nc

Ng

2(3 /4 f/2)tanf

2cos (/4 f/2)

2

Nq - 1

tanf

1 Kp 1tanf
2 cos2f

after Coduto 1995

or

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Ng

2Nq 1 tan f
1 0,4 sin 4f

BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS (After Terzaghi and Peck, 1948)

BEARING CAPACITY THEORIES OF TERZAGHI AND SKEMPTON

40
Nq
Nc

30
f (degrees)

Ng

20

10

60

50

40

30
N q and N c

20

10

20

40
Ng

60

80

BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS [After Terzaghi and Peck (1948)]

Qf

B g N g + cN c + g D f N q
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2

continuous footing

Bearing Capacity Factors

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Further Developments
Skempton (1951)

Meyerhof (1953)
Brinch Hanson (1961)

De Beer and Ladanyi (1961)

Meyerhof (1963)

Brinch Hanson (1970)

Vesic (1973, 1975)
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EFFECTS OF WATER

Case 1

Case 2

Case 3
No correction
necessary

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Case 1: GWL above footing base

D - Dw

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Case 2
GWL below footing base

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Allowable Bearing Capacity

The ultimate bearing capacity represents
failure conditions. We need to reduce our
applied loads to stay well away from
failure.

Use allowable bearing capacity as:

qa = qult / F
Typical factors of safety range from 2 to 4.
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Bearing Pressure
This is the contact force (concentric load) divided by footing
area.

Gross Bearing Pressure (q) [bearing capacity]

Net Bearing Pressure (q) [settlement estimation]
Bearing Capacity
Its the ability of soil to safely support a structure.
(how much stress a soil can carry before it fails).

Ultimate Bearing Capacity (qult)

Allowable Bearing Capacity (qa) = qult /F.S.

Pcol
+
Wf

P
D

gD

B
P = Pcol + Wf + B2 gD
q = P / B2 (sq. footing)

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Net Bearing Pressure (q)

Pcol
+
Wf

P
D

B
P = Pcol + Wf
q = P / B2 - szD

B
(sq. footing)

Meyerhof Method for Foundation

Settlement on Sand
The relationships are
as follows:

qa( net ) 2.4 N 60 Br Fd s r

(B 4ft)

B Br
qa( net ) 1.5 N 60 Br
Fd s r (B>4ft)
B
SPT N-Value Version where, qa( net ) Net allowable bearing pressure
N 60 SPT blow count, corrected for hammer energy
2

Df
Fd depth factor 1
1.33
3 B
D f Depth of footing
B Footing width

Allowable settlement (same units as Br )

Br Reference width (1 ft, 12 inches, 0.3 m, etc.)
s r grd-2000
Reference stress (1 tsf, 2ksf, 100 kPa, etc.)

Meyerhof Method for Foundation

Settlement on Sand
CPT Version
Use the formulas from the SPT method, except replace N with:
q
N 60 qc c
N 60
qc
where,
comes from Fig. 4.17 (p. 130) in Coduto
N 60
q
For most sands c 2 to 6 and averages about 4 . Meyerhof used 3 in his formulas.
N 60

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Factors

Load
- Magnitude
- Direction (downward, upward,
inclined, lateral)
Type of soil
- Type of soils: cohesive, noncohesive,
- stratification: homogeny, layered
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SOIL PROPERTIES CORRELATED WITH

STANDARD PENETRATION TEST VALUES*

FHWA Shallow Foundations.pdf

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N-value corrected
The N-value should be corrected to an efficiency of 60
percent. The correction is as follows:

where:
N60 = SPT N-value corrected for hammer efficiency
ER = Energy Ratio, the efficiency or percent of
theoretical free fall energy delivered by
the
hammer system actually used
NFIELD = Blow count recorded in field
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EXAMPLE
If an automatic hammer with an Energy Ratio (ER) of
80 percent is used to obtain a field SPT blowcount
(NFIELD) of 30 blows per 0.3 m (1 ft), the blowcount
corrected for hammer efficiency is:

Physical measurements of the efficiency of these

hammer systems indicate ER values in the range of
70 to 90 percent.
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Correlation Between Relative Density and

SPT Resistance

(NAVFAC, 1986a, after Gibbs & Holtz)

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