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Eko Widodo

Metabolism

Energy Metabolism

The sum total of all the chemical


reactions that go on in living cells
Includes all the reactions by which the
body obtains & spends energy from
food

Metabolic reactions take place inside cells,


especially liver cells

Anabolism is the building up of body

compounds and requires energy.


Catabolism is the breakdown of body
compounds and releases energy.

glucose
From fats glycerol & FA
From proteins AA

From CHO

4 basic units used in metabolic pathway

Alcohol can disrupt normal metabolic


pathways (Highlight 7)

ATP adenosine triphosphate


High-energy storage compound
Captures some energy released during breakdown
of glucose, glycerol, fatty acids, and amino acids

Hydrolysis of ATP occurs simultaneously with


reactions that will use that energy
Coupled reactions
Energy released from breakdown of one compound
used to create bond in formation of another

Co-enzymes are organic molecules that


work with enzymes to facilitate their
activity.
Enzymes & co-enzymes are helpers in
metabolic reactions.
Some B vit serve as coenzymes to enzymes
that release energy from glucose, glycerol,
FA & AA.

Basic units enter metabolic pathways. During


catabolism, the body separates atoms of basic
units.

Glucose: 6 C
Glycerol: 3 C
FA: even number of C (commonly 16 or 18)
AA: 2, 3 or more C, with N attached

While each starts down a different path 2 byproducts are common


pyruvate & acetyl-coA

Eventually all enter the TCA cycle & electron


transport chain

Glucose splitting
6-C Glucose two 3-C compounds Pyruvate
Glucose
anaerobic

Pyruvate

If cell needs energy (&


O2 is available), it
removes COOH group
from pyruvate to
produce 2 C
compounds that
bonds with CoA to
form Acetyl CoA
aerobic

Pyruvate
anaerobic

Pyruvate

Lactate

Acetyl CoA

Absence of sufficient
O2 (or mitochondria)
pyruvate is converted
to lactic acid

Lactate recycled to
glucose in liver by Cori
cycle

3-C glycerol is easily converted to pyruvate


Also easily converted to glucose

Glucose

Glycerol

Pyruvate

FA are taken apart in 2-C units through fatty


acid oxidation.
2-C units split off & combine with CoA to
form Acetyl CoA.
If cell doesnt need energy, acetyl CoA
molecules combine to create TG.

PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID METABOLISM


ENVIRONMENT

ORGANISM

Biosynthesis

Ingested
protein

Protein
3

a
AMINO
ACIDS

Purines
Pyrimidines
Porphyrins

Degradation
(required)
Carbon
skeletons

Nitrogen
(ketogenic)
Urea
acetoacetate
acetyl CoA

(glucogenic)
Used for
energy

pyruvate
-ketoglutarate
succinyl-CoA
fumarate
oxaloacetate

Deaminated first (lose N)

Catabolized in a variety of ways:


Pyruvate glucose
Acetyl CoA more energy or body fat
Directly into TCA Cycle generate energy

Amino Acid Requirements of Humans


-------------------------------------------------------------------Nutritionally Essential Nutritionally Nonessential
-------------------------------------------------------------------Argininea
Alanine
Histidine
Asparagine
Isoleucine
Aspartate
Leucine
Cysteine
Lysine
Glutamate
Methionine
Glutamine
Phenylalanine
Glycine
Threonine
Proline
Tryptophan
Serine
Valine
Tyrosine
--------------------------------------------------------------------a
Nutritionally semiessential. Synthesized at rates
inadequate to support growth of children.

NITROGEN BALANCE
Nitrogen balance = nitrogen ingested - nitrogen excreted
(primarily as protein) (primarily as urea)
Nitrogen balance = 0 (nitrogen equilibrium)
protein synthesis = protein degradation
Positive nitrogen balance
protein synthesis > protein degradation
Negative nitrogen balance

protein synthesis < protein degradation

Amino Acids
Deamination results in two products:
Keto acid
Ammonia

Transamination is the transfer of the amino


group from an amino acid to a keto acid.
Ammonia is converted to ureaa much less toxic
compoundin the liver.
Urea is excreted through the kidneys to rid the
body of unused nitrogen.

UREA CYCLE

mitochondria
cytosol

Function: detoxification of ammonia


(prevents hyperammonemia)

FATE OF THE CARBON SKELETONS


Carbon skeletons are used for energy.

Glucogenic: TCA cycle intermediates


or pyruvate (gluconeogensis)

Ketogenic: acetyl CoA, acetoacetyl CoA,


or acetoacetate

In Summary

Glucose and fatty acids are primarily used for


energy, amino acids to a lesser extent.
Glucose is made from all carbohydrates, most
amino acids and the glycerol portion of fat.
Protein is made from amino acids.
Glucose can be made into nonessential amino
acids if nitrogen is present.
All energy-yielding nutrients consumed in excess
can contribute to fat storage.

TCA Cycle tricarboxylic acid cycle (aka


Krebs cycle)

Oxaloacetate picks up acetyl CoA & drops off 2-C


& returns to pick up another acetyl CoA.

As acetyl CoA breaks to CO2, H atoms with their


electrons are removed.
Coenzymes made from B vitamins take H &
electrons & transfers them to ETC.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)


Consist of a series of proteins that serve as
electron carriers. These carriers are inside
inner membrane of mitochondria.
In ETC, energy is captured in bonds of ATP
molecules.
ATP leaves mitochondria & enters cytoplasm,
where it can be used for energy.

Each ATP holds energy & Kcal measures


energy, so the more ATP generated the
more Kcal collected.
One glucose molecule yield 36-38 ATP
when oxidized completely.
One 16 carbon FA yield 129 ATP when
oxidized completely.

When energy intake exceeds energy output,


there is a gain in weight.
Fat cells enlarge & multiply regardless of
whether the excess comes from protein,
CHO or fat.
Most direct & efficient pathway to body fat
is dietary fat.

Body needs energy all the time


Relies on energy stores between meals
glycogen
fatty acids
lean mass tissue .. least preferred

FastingInadequate Energy
Glucose needed for the brain
Protein meets glucose needs
The shift to ketosis

Ketones are produces when glucose is not available.

Ketosis causes a suppression of the appetite.


Slowing of metabolism

FastingInadequate Energy
Symptoms of starvation

Muscle wasting
Decreased heart rate, respiratory rate, metabolic rate,
and body temperature
Impaired vision
Organ failure
Decreased immunity
Depression, anxiety, and food-related dreams

Buatlah resume:
1. Diagram metabolisme protein dan berikan penjelasannya
2. Diagram metabolisme karbohidrat (glikolisis) dan berikan
penjelasannya

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