HISTOLOGY

2D MT
16 - 17

Suzuki, Mystie A.

HISTOLOGY

Tissue - group of cells with similar

structures and functions that have
similar extracellular substances between
them.

Histology - study of tissues

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Embryonic Tissue

Ectoderm - dorsal surface

Neuroectoderm - Nervous Tissue

Somatoectoderm - Epithelial Tissue (Skin)

Mesoderm - in between/middle layer

Outer layer

Forms tissues as such muscle, bone, blood

vessels.

Endoderm - ventral suface/inner layer

Forms lining of digestive tract and

derivatives

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Epithelial Tissues

Function: Line body surfaces and

body cavity. Protection, Absorption,
Diffusion, Filtration

exposed externally

high cellularity

avascular but invaded by nervous

tissue

polar

Apical - upper cells

Basal - base membrane cells

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Epithelial Tissues

Shape

Squamous - irregular

Cuboidal - cube

Columnar - rectangular + tall

Transitional - varies

Layer

Simple - single layered

Stratified - multiple layered

Pseudostratified - false multilayered

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Location: Human Squamous

Epithelium Smear (Human Cheek
Lining)

Structure:Single layered +
irregular in shape

Function: Diffusion + filtration +

protection against friction

Other location/s: Bowmans

capsule (kidney) + Capillaries +
Endothelium + Alveolar (sacs of
lungs) + Pleura of the lungs +
Lining of blood vessels and heart
+ body cavities

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Structure: Single layered + Cube shaped

Function: Secretion + Absorption

Location: Kidney , Cross section

Other Location/s: thyroid follicles + kidney tubules +

renal tubules + glands + surface of ovaries + choroid
plexuses of the brain +lining of bronchioles of the
lungs

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Structure: Single layered + rectangularly and

tall shaped

Function: Secrete mucous + Absorption

Location: Jejunum section

Other Location/s: lining of intestines + intestinal

villi + extension of cell membrane (microvilli) +
lining of stomach + rest. tract + auditory tubes +
uterus + ventricles of the brain

Goblet Cell pale in color;

contains mucous

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Pseudo stratified Columnar Epithelium

Structure: not true multi layered + irregular

All cells touching basement membrane but diff. heights and
nucleus in diff location
Function: Secrete mucus + problem debris out of resp. tract
Location: Human Epididymis, pseudostrat w/ stereo cilia
Other Location/s: nasal cavity + nasal sinuses +trachea+
pharynx + bronchi of lungs
Cilia - propel
debris out of resp.
tract

Goblet Cell
para sa sipon"

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Pseudo stratified Columnar Epithelium

Structure: not true multi layered + irregular

All cells touching basement membrane but diff. heights and
nucleus in diff location
Function: Secrete mucus + problem debris out of resp. tract
Location: Human Epididymis, pseudostrat w/ stereo cilia
Other Location/s: nasal cavity + nasal sinuses +trachea+
pharynx + bronchi of lungs
Cilia - propel
debris out of resp.
tract

Goblet Cell
para sa sipon"

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Flattened Squamous Epithelium

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Non-keratinized

Structure: multi-layered + polygonal + flat + moist

Nucleus at apical layer is still visible
Function: protect (act as barrier)
can be keratinized if exposed to friction
Basal Cells: Cuboidal/Columnar/Polygonal
Apical Cells: Flat
Location: Esophagus
Other Location/s: Vagina + Anus + Throat +
Mouth + Inferior Urethra + Corneas + Larynx

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Keratinized

Structure: multi-layered + polygonal shape + flat

+ dry

Nucleus at apical layer is not visible / extrudes

nucleus

Function: Protects (acts as a barrier)

Basal Cells: Cuboidal/Columnar/Polygonal

Apical Cells: Flat

Location: Human Skin (Epidermis)

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Structure: multi-layered + cube

Function: secretion + absorption +

protection against infection

Very rare

Location: Submaxillary Gland

Other Location/s: Ovarian follicles +

Sweat glands + Salivary Glands

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Structure: Multi-layered + Cuboidal/Columnar

Function: Protection + Secretion
Very Rare
Apical Layer: Columnar
Basal Layer: Cuboidal
Location/s: Conjunctiva of the eye +
mammary glands ducts + larynx + male
urethra

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Transitional Epithelium

Structure: Multi-layered + Varies

Function: hold fluids
Apical Layer: Transitional Cells
Cuboidal/Balloon (Not stretched) - empty
Squamous (Stretched) - full
Basal Layer: Polygonal
Location: Human Urinary Bladder
Location/s: Lining of urinary bladder +
Ureter + Superior urethra

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Muscle Tissues
For

Contraction

Function:
Contractility
Excitability

- receive and respond to stimuli

Extensibility
Elasticity

- shorten forcibly

- stretched

- recoil and resume the original resting

length
Striations

Suzuki, Mystie A.

- alternating light and dark bands

Skeletal Muscle

Structure: Cylindrical + Striated

Function: Movement (Voluntary)
Nucleus Location: Multiple and
Peripherally located
Location: Attached to the bones
Nucleus

Striations

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Cardiac Muscle
Structure:

Cylindrical + Striated + Branching

Intercalated Discs - join cells to one
another ; formed by gap junctions
Gap Junction - branched point
Function: Pumps Blood (Involuntary)
Nucleus Location: Mononucleated or
Binucleate ; Centrally located
Location: Heart
Intercalated Disc

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Smooth Muscle
Structure:

Spindle/Fusiform Shaped + Tapering

Ends + Buldging center + Nonstriated
Myofilaments - dark and light band na kalat
kalat
Function: Food Movement + Emptying Urinary
bladder + Regulation of blood + Change in pupil
size + Movement of hair + contraction of ducts
(Involuntary) (Slower than other muscle types)
Nucleus Location: Single Nucleus + Centrally
located
Location: Walls of Hollow Organs; Uterus +
Stomach + Urinary bladder + Blood Vessels +
Airways to lungs + Visceral Organs

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Nervous Tissue
Neutrons

(Action - Potential ) + Neuroglia

(Supporting Nerve cells)
Dendrites - receives (to soma) (branches)
Cell body/Soma - processes
Axon - transmits (away from soma)
Function: Detects Stimuli + Respond to
Stimuli + Integrates Information + Controls
Irritability - react to stimuli
Conductivity - conduct impulses
Location: Brain + Spinal Cord + Nerves

Multi-polar

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Nervous Tissue

Location: Ox giant multi-polar

neutrons smear
Suzuki, Mystie A.

Location: Cow giant multi-polar

neutrons smear

Neurons

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Astrocytes
Neuroglia

Structure: Star-shaped

Function: blood vessel barrier

When

exposed to high plasma:

Depletes

ATP

Epileptic
Unconsciousness

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Ependymal Cells
Neuroglia
Function:

Filter cells +
Produces Cerebro
Spinal Fluid

Location: Human
Spinal Cord (CS)

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Oligodendrocytes
Neuroglia
Function:

Produces
myeline sheath in CNS +
Holds on several axons
Myelin Sheath facilitates transmission
action potential (Speeds
up)

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Schwann Cells
Neuroglia
Function:

Produces
myeline sheath in PNS +
Holds one axon
Myelin Sheath - facilitates
transmission action
potential (Speeds up)

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Nodes of Ranvier
Neuroglia
Function:

Myeline Internodes ( In
between myeline sheath)

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Microglia
Neuroglia
Function:

Fight Invaders + Eats dying

cells + Phagocycotic

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Connective Tissues
Most abundant in the body
Large amounts of cellular matrix
Structure: Few cells + All vascular except cartilages;
tendons and ligaments have low blood supply
Function: Enclose/Separate + Connect tissues + Support
and Movement + Cushion and insulate + Transport + Protect
Mature connective tissues: Dense + Loose + Cartilage +
Blood

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Extracellular Matrix
Protein Fibers: Proteins and sugars
Collagen Fibers - like rope+ flexible + resist
stretching + touch
Reticular Fibers - fill spaces between organs
and tissues + smallest (for measure)
Elastic FIbers - recoil after being stretched
Ground substance - Semi-solid/solid
Fluid

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Areolar Connective Tissue

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Most

abundant among all the connective tissue

Areola - small open space
Function: Universal Packing Material + Binds
organ together keeps them in their proper position
Structure:
Cell: Fibroblast
Protein Fibers: Collagenous + Elastic +
Reticular
Ground substance: Semi-solid
Location: Mammal Areolar tissue
Other Location: between organs, muscles,
glands, skin (hypodermis; below skin)

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Parallel
Function: Attach muscle to bones
(Tendons) + Attach bone to bone
(Ligament)
Structure:
Protein Fibers: Collagenous
Extracellular Matrix: Packed with
collagenous fibres
Ground substance: Semi-solid
Location: Mammal fibrous tissue, Tendon
Other Location: Ligament

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Kalat-kalat
Function: Stretch in every direction
Structure:
Cell: Fibroblasts in between collagens
Protein Fibers: Collagenous
Extracellular Matrix: Packed with
collagenous fibres
Ground substance: Semi-solid
Location: Vein Mammal Section
Other Location: Dermis of the skin,
Pericardium of cartilage, periosteum of bones

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Reticular Connective Tissue

CONNECTIVE TISSUE w/ SPECIAL PROPERTIES
Silver Stain / Black
Function: Forms Stroma
Structure:
Cell: Reticular Cells
Protein Fibers: Reticular fibers
Extracellular Matrix: Packed with
collagenous fibres
Ground substance: Semi-solid
Location: Mammal Reticular Tissue
Other Location: Spleen, Lymph Nodes,
tonsils

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Adipose Connective Tissue

CONNECTIVE TISSUE w/ SPECIAL PROPERTIES
Fat
Buttocks and Breasts > Female hormone
Abdomen > Male hormone
Function: Stores Lipid + Insulator
Structure: Signet Ring appearance (because of fat)
Cell: Fibroblasts + Adipose Cells
Nucleus is Peripherally located
Protein Fibers: Reticular fibers
Extracellular Matrix: Collagenous + Elastic fibers
Location: Human Adipose Tissue
Other Location: Hypodermis, Subcutaneous areas,
mesenteries, renal pelves, around kidneys, attached
to the surface of colon, mammary glands

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Cartilage
Few ground substances
avascular
Chondroblast: Secret fibres
Chondrocytes
glassy appearance
Mostly Collagenous and Elastic

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Hyaline Cartilage
CARTILAGE
More ground substance
predominant cartilage in body
weakest cartilage
Function: Reduces Friction (cushion)
Structure:
Cell: Chondrocytes (inside cell nests)
Extracellular Matrix: fibers and the
matrix have same refractive index
Location: Hyaline Cartilage Section
Other Location: Epithelial Tissues Base,
cover end of bones

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Elastic Cartilage
CARTILAGE
Similar to Hyaline Cartilage except
presence of elastin fibres
Function: Flexibility ( Return to original
shape)
Structure:
Cell: Chondrocytes (inside lacunae)
Protein Fibers: Elastic Fibers
Extracellular Matrix: thread-like network
Location: Human Ear
Other Location/s: External Ear and tip of
nose

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Fibrocartilage
CARTILAGE
Only cartilage w/o perichondrium
strongest type of cartilage
Function: Cushion
Structure:
Cell: Chondrocytes
Protein Fibers: Collagenous Fibers
(Herringbone pattern)
Location: Mammal Fibrocartilage sect.
Other Location/s: Invertebrate Disc, pubic
symphysis, and articular disks (knees and
temporamandibular (jaw) joints)

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Bone/Osseous Tissue
Solid Matrix/Calcified Matrix
Compact Bone - haversian system
Spongy Bone - epiphysis
Osteocytes - mature bone cells
Osteoblast - bone building cells
Osteogenic Cells - cell division
Osteoclast - break down bone tissue
Source: Human Bone Decalcified
C.S.
Location: Bones

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Bone/Osseous Tissue
Highly Vascular
Function: Support + Protect
Volkmans Canal - lalagyan ng
blood vessels; perpendicular to the
haversial canal.

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Vascular Tissue
Liquid

Connective Tissue
Function: Transport food, oxygen, waste, hormones
Plasma - Ground Substance
Fibrinogen - dissolving the fibres
Fibrin - trap RBC
Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cell (transports)
(Biconcave)
Hemoglobin + Oxygen = Oxyhemoglobin
Leukocytes - White Blood Cell
Granulocytes - for immunity
Lymphocytes + Monocytes
Agranulocytes - larger than RBC
Neutrophil + Eosinophil + Basophil
Platelets - for coagulation

Platelet
Suzuki, Mystie A.

Vascular Tissue

Platelet -fragments of giant cells called

megakaryocytic

White Blood Cells

Granulocytes

Neutrophil - phagocytes bacteria

Eosinophil - destroys antigenantibody complexes

Basophil - allergic reactions / releases

histamine

Agranulocytes

Lymphocyte (small) - T type kills virus

Monocyte - become macrophage phagocytes bacteria and viruses

Suzuki, Mystie A.

Vascular Tissue

Suzuki, Mystie A.