JUNE23,1972:

PresidentNixonsignsintolawTitleIXoftheEducationAmendmentsAct,which
prohibitsdiscriminationonthebasisofsexforalleducationalprogramsoractivitiesthat
receivefundingfromthefederalgovernment.Thelaw,whichwasdesignedtoincrease
educationalopportunitiesforwomen,goesintoeffectonJuly1.Thoughit'snowmost
closelyassociatedwithgenderequityinsports,TitleIXdoesnotmentionathletics.
MAY20,1974:
TexassenatorJohnTowersponsorsanamendmentthatwouldexemptrevenuesports
fromTitleIXcompliance.TheTowerAmendmentfailstopassintheHouse.
JULY21,1975:
TheDepartmentofHealth,EducationandWelfareissuesregulationsregardingTitleIX
enforcement,particularlyasitappliestoathletics.Highschoolsandcollegesthatreceive
federalfundsaregiventhreeyearstocomply.
FEB.17,1976:
TheNCAAfilesalawsuitchallengingthelegalityofTitleIX,claimingthatnoathletic
programsreceivedirectfederalfunds.Thesuitisdismissed.
1979:
Forthefirsttime,womenoutnumbermeninundergraduateenrollmentatdegreegranting
institutions.
DEC.11,1979:
TheOfficeforCivilRightsissuesapolicyinterpretationthatoutlinesthreewaysan
institutioncanproveitisincompliancewithTitleIX.
1980:
InAlexanderv.Yale,anappealscourtestablishesthatsexualharassmentisillegal
becauseitisaformofsexdiscriminationcoveredbyTitleIX.

198182:
TheNCAAcrownsDivisionInationalchampionsforthefirsttimeinwomen'scross
country,fieldhockey,volleyball,swimming,basketball,golf,gymnastics,tennis,outdoor
trackandsoftball.ThishastensthedissolutionoftheAssociationofIntercollegiate
AthleticsforWomen,whichhadadministeredchampionshipsfortheprevious10years.
1982:
Womenearnmorebachelor'sdegreesthanmenforthefirsttime.
FEB.28,1984:
InthemostsignificantsetbackforTitleIX,theSupremeCourtrulesinGroveCity
Collegethatthelawappliesonlytotheprogramswithinaninstitutionthatreceivedirect
federalfunding,therebyexcludingmostathleticprogramsfromitsjurisdiction.Schools
cutrecentlyaddedwomen'steams,andtheOfficeforCivilRightscancels23
investigations.
MARCH22,1988:
CongressoverridesavetobyPresidentReaganandpassestheCivilRightsRestoration
Act,whichoverturnstheSupremeCourt'srulinginGroveCityCollegev.Bell.Thelaw
statesthatanyinstitutionreceivingfederalfundsmustcomplywithTitleIXinallits
programsandactivities.
NOV.30,1991:
ThefirstFIFAWomen'sWorldCupisheld,inChina.TheU.S.,whichfeaturesaroster
ofcurrentorformerNCAADivisionIplayers,beatsNorway21inthefinal.
FEB.26,1992:
InFranklinv.GwinnettCountyPublicSchools,theSupremeCourtholdsthatplaintiffs
maysueformonetarydamagesunderTitleIX.Afterthisruling,there'sadecreasein
complaintstoenforcementagenciesoverTitleIXviolations,andanincreaseinlawsuits.
1992:

ThefirstgenderequitystudybytheNCAAfindsthatwhilewomenmakeup55%of
undergraduatestudents,menconstituted70%ofstudentathletesandreceived70%of
scholarshipfunds,77%ofoperatingbudgetsand83%ofrecruitingmoney.TheNCAA
formstheGenderEquityTaskForce.
1993:
HowardbasketballcoachSanyaTylersuestheuniversityforsexdiscriminationunder
TitleIXinaD.C.superiorcourt,sayingshewaspaidmuchlessthanhermen's
counterpart.ShereceivesthefirstmonetaryawardgivenbyajuryinaTitleIXcase:$2.4
million(laterreducedto$1.1million).
APRIL16,1993:
InCohenv.Brown,afederalcourtfindsthatBrownUniversitydoesnotmeetanypartof
theOfficeforCivilRights'threeprongtest:Thenumberofmaleandfemaleathleteswas
notsubstantiallyproportionatetotheirrespectiveenrollments,therewasnohistoryof
expandingparticipationopportunities,andBrownwasnoteffectivelyaccommodatingthe
interestsoffemaleathletes.Theuniversityisorderedtoreinstatethewomen'sgymnastics
andvolleyballprograms.
SEPT.1,1994:
AU.S.CourtofAppealsupholdsarulingfortheUniversityofIllinois,whichhad
terminateditsmen'sswimmingprogramtheyearbefore.Membersofthatteamhadsued
onthegroundsthattheyweredeniedequalopportunity,butthiscase,alongwithseveral
othersaroundthistime,setaprecedentthatmenmaynotuseTitleIXtoclaimsex
discriminationwhentheirprogramsarecutforbudgetaryreasons.
OCT.20,1994:
CongresspassestheEquityinAthleticsDisclosureAct,whichrequiresfederallyfunded
coedinstitutionstosubmitannualreportsabouttheirathleticsprogramstobettermonitor
TitleIXcompliance.
JAN.16,1996:

Inresponsetogrowingconcernthatschoolsarecuttingmen'sprogramstoreach
proportionality,theOfficeforCivilRightsissuesguidelineselaboratingonthethree
prongtestintroducedinits1979memo.Itconfirmsthatinstitutionscanchoosewhichof
thethreeconditionstheyplantomeetinordertoprovidenondiscriminatoryparticipation
opportunitiesforindividualsofbothsexesandclarifieshowTitleIXrequirestheOCRto
countthoseopportunities.
AUGUST1996:
Women'ssoccerandsoftballarepartoftheOlympicprogramforthefirsttime,atthe
AtlantaGames.TheU.S.winsgoldinbothevents.
DEC.25,2002:
NewMexicoplacekickerKatieHnidaisthefirstwomantoappearinaDivisionIA
footballgame.EightmonthslatershebecomesthefirstwomantoscoreinaDivisionIA
game,bootingapairofPATsina728winoverTexasStateSanMarcos.
JUNE11,2003:
AlawsuitbroughtagainsttheDepartmentofEducationbytheNationalWrestling
CoachesAssociation,whichchallengedtheconstitutionalityofthethreeprongtest,is
dismissedinDistrictcourtlargelyonproceduralgrounds.
MARCH17,2005:
TheDepartmentofEducationissuesapolicyclarificationstatingthatschoolsmaysurvey
femalestudents'interestinsportsviaemail.Institutionsareallowedtoequateafailureto
respondwithalackofinterest.TitleIXsupporterssaythiswillinhibitschoolsfrom
achievinggreatergenderequity.TheObamaAdministration,whichemphasizedcivil
rightsenforcementonabroadrangeoftopics,rescindedtheprovisioninApril2010.
AUG.3,2011:
Inalawsuitfiledin2003bythreefemalewrestlerswhowerecutfromthevarsityatUC
Davis,afederalcourtfindsthattheuniversityfailedtoprovidesufficientathletic
opportunitiesforwomen.UCDavissettledwiththewomeninFebruary,payingmore
than$1.3milliontocoverattorneys'fees.

APRIL25,2012:
KeelingPilaro,a13yearoldboywhowasthetopscoreronthegirls'varsityfield
hockeyteamatSouthampton(N.Y.)Highlastseason,istoldbyhiscounty'sgoverning
bodyforsportsinSuffolkCountythathecannolongerplaywiththegirlsbecauseheis
toodominant,despitebeingsmallerthanmostofthegirlsontheteam.Pilaro'sfamilyhas
appealedtheruling.