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Actuation Systems
Shilpa Sambhi
Associate Professor
EN Dept
ABES-EC
Applications of Hydraulics
Applications of Pneumatics
Applications in Industry
Hydrostatics
Mathematically , p=gh
Where = mass density, Kg/m3
h= height of fluid level ( head) in m
p = pressure intensity in bar,
(1 bar = 105 Pascal = 105 N/ m2)
g = acceleration due to gravity, m/ s2
Hydrodynamics
Hydrodynamics
Bernoullis equation :
It states that the total energy of a flow of fluid does not change
as long as energy is not supplied from the outside or transferred to
the outside.
Total energy is made up of :
-- Potential energy
-- Pressure energy, which is dependent on the column of fluid and
on static pressure.
-- Kinetic energy, which is dependent on the velocity of flow and
on back pressure.
Hence, Ptotal = Z + p / g + v2/ 2g
Where Z =elevation
p= Pressure of fluid
v= Velocity of flow
= Density of fluid
Hydrodynamics
Friction and Pressure losses :
If the fluid is still ( no fluid movement) , then pressure is same at all
the point.
If fluid is flowing through the system, heat is created by friction. Thus
part of energy is lost as heat energy, which means loss of pressure.
The amount of friction loss is related to
Length of pipe
Surface roughness of the pipe
Cross sectional area of pipe
Number of pipe bends
Velocity of fluid flow
Viscosity of fluid flow.
Hydrodynamics
Types of flow
Hydrodynamics
Reynoldss number (Re)
The type of flow may be roughly determined Using Reynoldss
number
Re = v* dh /, where v = Velocity of flow m/s, dh = Hydraulic
diameter in m, with circular cross- sections equal to the pipe
internal diameter, and otherwise calculated as dh = 4 * A / U
A = Cross- sectional area, U = Circumference
= Kinematic viscosity in m2 / s and Re crit = 2300
At Re crit the type of flow changes from laminar to turbulent
and vice versa.
Laminar flow occurs for Re < Recrit , and
Turbulent flow occurs for Re> Recrit
Pascals Law
Major Differences
Elements of
Pneumatic
/ Hydraulic
System
Ball (seated)
Positions/ application of
4/2 DCV
Positions in 4/3
DCV
Application
of 4/3 DCV
Normally closed
position of 4/3 DCV
Valve
actuation
symbols
Directional
Valve/
Check Valve