According to Scanlon (2012) breastfeeding is should begin as soon after birth as

possible, ideally while the women is still in the birthing room and while the infant in the
first reactivity period. The release of oxytocin by breastfeeding at this time begins the
let-down of milk and also stimulates uterine contraction.
Moreover, tornese (2012), stated that the latch score is useful tool to identify mother
infant pairs who might benefit from additional skilled support to encourage them to
continue exclusive breastfeeding.
Furthermore, the APP recommends infants be breastfeed for 1 year, the world health
organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and continuation for 2
years. (vessel, bahl, Martinez, 2010).
Because discontinuing breastfeeding early before 4 months may make infants more
susceptible to infection because infant are no longer receiving immune protection.

According to centters for disease control and prevention, (2012) having an equally
young sexual partner can contribute to pregnancy incidence. Failure of adolescents to
obtain adequate knowledge of contraceptive measures or abstinence is an issue that
can be addressed by health care providers.
Moreover, Wilkinson (2012) adolescence are also capable of using emergency
contraceptive measures correctly and safety. Access to emergency contraception is not
associated with increased rates of unprotected intercourse or with higher rates of
pregnancy or sexually transmitted infections.
Furthermore, in addition, the egocentric phenomenon of adolescence makes a sexually
active teenage believe she will not become pregnant. Some adolescent girls actually
plan pregnancy. They believe being pregnant will free them from an intolerable school or
home situation or give them someone to love who will also love them back.it puts a
tremendous responsibility on a newborn to finish love and change a girls life; child
maltreatment can occur when the new born cannot meet such expectations. (valentine,
nuttall, comas, 2012)
Because at one time, many pregnant unmarried girls were sent to a secret home or
shelter where they would stay throughout their pregnancy, give birth, place the child for
adaptation, and they return home as if nothing had happened to them.

According to, diveny (2013), the unique bond and relationship with their infant was cited
as a primary motivator to initiate breastfeeding by young mothers and a secondary
aspect to the health benefits for the infant.
Moreover, Nesbit (2012), the increased attachment to their 14 BREASTFEEDING
PRACTICES OF YOUNG MOTHERS infants through the breastfeeding relationship was
influential in the initial decision whether to breast or bottle feed, but it is not clear as to
the effect on breastfeeding duration. Found that young mothers with 15
BREASTFEEDING PRACTICES OF YOUNG MOTHERS family members who had
formula fed or had difficulties breastfeeding their infants focused on sharing their
negative experiences
Furthermore, in several Canadian studies with young mothers, breastfeeding was
correlated with increased feelings of maternal confidence, increased feelings of control
over life circumstances, helping to form an emerging self-identity as a woman and a
mother, providing increased social support through connections with other breastfeeding
mothers and facilitating mother-infant bonding (Beers & Hollo, 2011).
Because it is unclear if these positive outcomes were a result of being a breastfeeding
mother or if they already possessed these traits which were favorable to breastfeeding
duration. Increased feelings of maternal competence, translate into increased time
spent on infant care, which is crucial to early social development and attachment to the
primary caregiver

According to Noble-Carr and Bell (2012), found young mothers in their focus groups
identified informal peer supports as their primary means of obtaining information and
creating networks with other young breastfeeding mothers.
Moreover, Noble-Carr & Bell, (2012) there was a desire by these young mothers to be
treated as normal moms and they found youth specific programs on breastfeeding
condescending, perhaps due to the perception of stigma as young mother. In contrast,
formal support networks were found in some studies to be perceived by young mothers
as inconsistent and overly authoritarian.
Furthermore, those who benefitted from formal supports in the early postpartum period,
found the lack of ongoing easily accessible supports a hindrance to breastfeeding
success (Condon et al., 2012). Young mothers were found to not actively seek out
professional supports or self-identify as needing help even when these mothers knew
how and where to access these supports in the community (Condon and Nesbitt 2012).

Because young mothers who were actively accessing services, held firm beliefs in the
benefits of breastfeeding, held a normative view of breastfeeding and had sufficient
levels of self-efficacy related to their ability to breastfeed to succeed. Young mothers
who access services like maternity shelters are young women for whom coping with
complex life circumstances take precedence over dealing with the emotional and
practical challenges of breastfeeding and actively seeking the support needed for
success.

https://www.ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/31730/1/Edwards_Rosann_2014_thesis.p
df

According to Agu U, Agu MC, (2011), Knowledge and practice of exclusive

breastfeeding among mothers in a rural population in south eastern Nigeria. In
consonance with literature on knowledge about breastfeeding, most of the mothers in
this study agrees that breastfeeding promotes mother-baby bonding.

Moreover, Setegn T (2011), exclusive breastfeeding practices among mothers

extensions of maternity leave up to the first six month of childs age to achieve optimal
level of EBF practices was advocated in another study among Ethiopian women. In
order to promote optimal duration for EBF, the WHO advocated for minimum enabling
conditions such as paid maternity leave, part-time work arrangements, facilities for
expressing and storing breast milk and breastfeeding breaks for women in paid
employment.
Furthermore. Submitted that inappropriate postures for prolonged time, as it is the
case in breastfeeding, could lead to end range loading of per articular structures and
result in mechanical deformation of normal soft tissues. However, breastfeeding
posture practice was not influenced by mothers knowledge and attitude regarding
breastfeeding ( Fashote 2013) .

Because there is an apparent dearth of empirical studies to compare this finding on

posture practice in breastfeeding.

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1756-0500-6-552

according to, Weiss (2012), This breastfeeding hold-position is believed to allow for
more control of the infants head with just one arm while the mother put the breast in
the mouth of the infant. Football hold was also reported in this study as the second
most practice hold technique among the mothers. This position is similar to tucking the
baby under the arm like a football with the babys feet extending across the body. The
babys head and shoulders are supported with the hand on the same side of the
feeding breast.
Moreover, Teicher MH (2011) Baby-led latching which involves bringing the babys
body to the breast, adjusting mother or babys position, and other techniques are
important in resolving latch problems

Furthermore, the result of this study showed that majority of the mothers
demonstrated a level of knowledge of breastfeeding ergonomics which include the use
of arm support and foot rest and the posturing of the neck and back. Fitting the act of
breastfeeding to the body through the use of supports and good postural alignment of
the spine is ergonomic. These can help prevent breastfeeding related musculoskeletal
disorders resulting from the effect of poor postures and positioning on joints,
ligaments, and muscles (Minchin MK 2011)
Because mothers understanding of how to facilitate adequate contact between the
babys mouth and the mothers breast and how to recognize poor positioning are
important areas

According to Pasricha (2012), lengthy breastfeeding over 2 years. Has the potential to
lead to nutritional deficiencies in the child if he or she is taking in a large quantity of
breast milk at the expense of other foods or minerals, particularly iron.
Moreover miller (2012), women in the United States tend to breastfeed for shorter
lengths of time; many fewer are breastfeeding at 1 year than the healthy people goal of
34%. Discontinuing breastfeeding early before 4 months may make infants are no
longer receiving immune protection.
Furthermore, women who have discontinued breastfeeding to explore whether there is a
breast milk bank in their community that would appreciate breast milk especially preterm
infant. Being fed breast milk can help prevent necrotizing enterocolitis, a possibly fatal
bowel sound infection. (Maayan-metzger 2012).

Because at the point that women stop breastfeeding, they wean their infants from breast
to bottled formula or directly to a small cup or glass, at any age, breastfeeding should
be discontinued gradually to prevent engorgement and pain in a mothers breasts while
still proving satisfaction for the infant.

According to Waugh and smith (2012), adolescents are at an increased risk for
gestational hypertension, probably because immature blood vessel or immune response
to the foreign protein of their fetus
Moreover Berrewaerts (2012), they expressed a need to be addressed as adult parents
who want the best for their child. Social isolation was found to be an important factor of
venerability. Adolescents mothers receive counselling over and above the decision to
continue or terminate pregnancy as well as subsequent information on contraception
methods to avoid further pregnancies special care should be provided to girls who are
socially isolated.
Furthermore, as more and more teenagers are obese than ever before because of
overeating and lack of exercise, many adolescents enter pregnancy overweight or
obese. This can lead to macrosomia or overgrowth in a fetus, situation that lead to an
increase in the number of cesarean births (Alexandra 2011).
Because many adolescents do not eat well during pregnancy because they simply do
not know what constitutes good nutrients. Adolescents usually need a great deal of
health teaching during pregnancy because they do not know many of the common
measures of care older women have learned from experience. They are also often
unwilling to follow health care advice that makes them feel different in any way from
their peers.