Electrodynamometer as

Wattmeter/Powermeter

What is an Electrodynamometer
Wattmeter/Powermeter?

Electric power is measured by means of a wattmeter. Because electric power is the product of
current and voltage, a wattmeter must have two elements, one for current and the other for
voltage. For this reason, wattmeters are usually of the electrodynamometer type.

What is an Electrodynamometer Wattmeter?

Electrodynamometer type
wattmeter works on very simple
principle and this principle can
be stated as "when any electric
current carrying conductor is
placed inside a magnetic field, it
experiences a mechanical force
and due this mechanical force
deflection of conductor takes
place".

What is an Electrodynamometer Wattmeter?

The fixed coils or the

field coils are
connected in series
with the load and
therefore carry the
current flowing through
the circuit. Hence, they
are also called as the
current coils (C.C) of
the wattmeter.

What is an Electrodynamometer Wattmeter?

Whereas the moving

coil is connected across
the voltage, and hence
carry a current
proportional to the
voltage.
This coil is also called as
the potential coil (P.C) of
the wattmeter.

What is an Electrodynamometer Wattmeter?

Thus, the meter

deflection is proportional
to V in potential coil x I in
current coils.
The effect is almost the
same (if the scale is
properly calibrated) as if
the voltage applied across
the load and the current
through the load were
multiplied together.
This type of wattmeter
can be used to measure
either AC or DC power.

Understanding how EDM measures AC

and DC power
For the D Arsonval movement, alternating
current (ac) measurement is done by using a
rectifier to produce a unidirectional torque.

For EDM, the method is to use the heating

effect of ac current to produce an indication of
its magnitude.

Understanding how EDM measures AC

and DC power

EDM Squaring Property

The operation of the instrument may be
understood from the expression of the torque
developed by coil suspended in a magnetic field
t = B*A*N*I

A & N = are coil constants

B = strength of magnetic field in which the coil
moves
I = current through the coil.

EDM Squaring Property

In an EDM the flux density (B) depends on the current
through the fixed coil and is therefore proportional to
the deflection of the current (I). Since the coil constants
are fixed quantities for any given meter, the developed
torque becomes a function of the current squared (I2).
For AC measurement, the developed torque at any
instant is proportional to the instantaneous current
squared (i2). The instantaneous values of i2 are always
positive and torque pulsations are therefore produced.

Scale calibration is, I = square root of the average i2

EDM Squaring Property

In an EDM the flux density (B) depends on the current
through the fixed coil and is therefore proportional to
the deflection of the current (I). Since the coil constants
are fixed quantities for any given meter, the developed
torque becomes a function of the current squared (I2).
For AC measurement, the developed torque at any
instant is proportional to the instantaneous current
squared (i2). The instantaneous values of i2 are always
positive and torque pulsations are therefore produced.

Scale calibration is, I = square root of the average i2

How are wattmeters connected in the circuit?

Power Measurement in AC
Power Measurement Basics
DC power = volts x amps.
For AC power measurement, the power factor (PF)
introduces complexity as watts
AC POWER = volts x amps x PF. This measurement of
AC power is referred to as active power, true
power or real power.
In AC systems, multiplying volts x amps = volt-amps,
also called apparent power.

Power Factor
For a DC circuit the power is P=VI, and this
relationship also holds for the instantaneous
power in an AC circuit.
However, the average power in an AC circuit
expressed in terms of the rms voltage and
current is

P avg = VI cos

Where (Greek Phi) is the phase angle

between the voltage and current. The
additional term is called the power factor.

Power Factor

From the phasor diagram for AC impedance,

it can be seen that the power factor is R/Z.
For a purely resistive AC circuit,
R=Z and the power factor = 1.

Power Factor
From the phasor diagram for AC impedance, it
can be seen that the power factor is R/Z. For a
purely resistive AC circuit, R=Z and the power
factor = 1.
Why is the power factor important?

Importance of Power Factor

A power factor of one or "unity power factor"
is the goal of any electric utility company since
if the power factor is less than one, they have
to supply more current to the user for a given
amount of power use. In so doing, they incur
more line losses. They also must have larger
capacity equipment in place than would be
otherwise necessary. As a result, an industrial
facility will be charged a penalty if its power
factor is much different from 1.

Importance of Power Factor

Industrial facilities tend to have a "lagging
power factor", where the current lags the
voltage (like an inductor). This is primarily the
result of having a lot of electric induction
motors - the windings of motors act as
inductors as seen by the power
supply. Capacitors have the opposite effect
and can compensate for the inductive motor
windings. Some industrial sites will have large
banks of capacitors strictly for the purpose of
correcting the power factor back toward one
to save on utility company charges.

Induction Type Instrument

a device for measuring electrical quantities in
AC circuits. Induction instruments differ from
other types of instruments in that they can be
used in AC circuits only for one specific
frequency: small changes in frequency cause
large errors in the readings.

What is Electromagnetic Induction?

Electromagnetic induction is the production
of a potential difference (voltage) across
a conductor when it is exposed to a
varying magnetic field.

 Mutual Inductance When one circuit induces

current flow in a second nearby circuit, it is
known asmutual-inductance.

 Mutual Inductance in a Transformer

What is Electromagnetic Induction?

In 1824, Oersted discovered that current passing
though a coil created a magnetic field capable of
shifting a compass needle.
Seven years later, Faraday and Henry discovered
just the opposite.
They noticed that a moving magnetic field would
induce current in an electrical conductor. This process
of generating electrical current in a conductor by
placing the conductor in a changing magnetic field is
called electromagnetic induction or just induction. It
is called induction because the current is said to be
induced in the conductor by the magnetic field..

What is Electromagnetic Induction?

What is Electromagnetic Induction?

Induction-type Meters?
Induction-type meters measure power in
alternating-current circuits and are the type
commonly seen on the outside of houses.

Induction-type Meters?
watt-hour meter, device that measures and records
over time the electric power flowing through a circuit.
Although there are several different types of watt-hour
meters, each consists essentially of a small
electric motor and a counter. A precise fraction of the
current flowing in the circuit is diverted to operate the
motor. The speed at which the motor turns is
proportional to the current in the circuit, and,
therefore, each revolution of the motors rotor
corresponds to a given amount of current flowing
through the circuit. The counter is connected to the
rotor and adds and displays the amount of power .

Induction-type Meters?