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5 Chemical reactions
Engineers developing polymers for
spacesuits or the next generation of
passenger aircraft need knowledge
and understanding of chemical
reactions to produce new materials
that are strong, light and capable
of resisting high temperatures.
Other useful substances and
materials such as fuels, metals and
pharmaceuticals are also products
of chemical reactions.
In this chapter:
5.1 The language of chemical reactions 162
5.2 Precipitation reactions 165
5.3 SC I EN C E AS A H U M AN EN D EAVO U R
Chemicals can be a health hazard 167
5.4 A world of reactions 171
5.5 Producing salts 175
5.6 SC I EN C E AS A H U M AN EN D EAVO U R
Fuelling our lifestyle 177
5.7 Rates of reaction 182
5.8 Form and function: Polymers 185
5.9 A cool light 188
5.10 Thinking tools: Target maps and single bubble maps
Study checklist 190
Looking back 191
ICT ACTIVITY
Flavour fountain
YOUR QUEST
Chemical reactions
4 hydrogen
molecules
HH
HH
HH
Element
O O
O O
Element
O O
HH
HH
HH
O
HH O
H O
HH
4 water
molecules
2 oxygen
molecules
H
H
H
O
H
O
5 Chemical reactions
161
5.1
The language of
chemical reactions
In order to communicate with each other easily about
chemical reactions, scientists all over the world need
to use the same language. That language involves
chemical symbols, formulae and equations.
Chemical equations
Writing chemical equations involves some simple
mathematics and a knowledge of chemical
Game Rules
GAME RULE 1. Know your products
The products of a reaction must be known from either
observation or reliable sources (such as chemists). For
example, it is well known that the product of the reaction
between hydrogen gas and oxygen gas is water vapour (gas).
GAME RULE 2. Know your formulae
You need to know the formulae of all the reactants and
products. For example:
formula of hydrogen gas
H2
O2
H2O.
Science Quest 10
Reactants
2
2
Products
2
1
O
O
+
O
You can see that there are not enough oxygen atoms on the
product side of the equation. The only way this can be adjusted is
by writing numbers in front of the chemical formulae. When we
write a number in front of a formula, it multiplies all the atoms in
that formula. Lets increase the number of oxygen atoms on the
product side by placing a 2 in front of the formula for water.
H2 + O2
2H2O
O
H2O
162
H
H
H
O
+
O
Element
H
O
Reactants
2
2
Products
4
2
The oxygen atoms are now balanced, but the hydrogen atoms
are not. Lets try writing a 2 in front of hydrogens formula on
the reactant side to increase the number of hydrogen atoms.
2H2 + O2
Reactants
4
2
2H2O(l)
Formulae correct!
Number of atoms balanced!
2H2O
States correct!
Products
4
2
H
2H2
solid (s)
liquid (l)
H
O
+
O
O2
H
2H2O
gas (g).
Formula
Sodium hydroxide
NaOH
Compound
Sodium chloride
NaCl
Water
Magnesium chloride
MgCl2
Citric acid
Copper hydroxide
Cu(OH)2
Sodium sulfate
Na2SO4
Copper sulfate
CuSO4
NaHCO3
HgO
Formula
H 2O
C 6H 8O 7
Carbon dioxide
CO2
Oxygen
O2
Hydrochloric acid
HCl
Carbon monoxide
CO
Hydrogen
H2
C6H5O7Na3
5 Chemical reactions
163
CH4 + O2
CO2 + H2O
Element
Reactants
Products
CO2 + 2H2O.
The oxygen atoms can be balanced by putting a 2 in front of the O2 on the left.
CH4 + 2O2
CO2 + 2H2O.
Reactants
Products
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)
CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
+
Methane
+
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Water
6
7
THINK
4
5
164
Science Quest 10
work
sheets
5.2
Precipitation reactions
forms. Chemical reactions in which precipitates form
are called precipitation reactions. When colourless
lead nitrate solution and colourless potassium
iodide solution are added together, a brilliant yellow
precipitate is formed.
Changing partners
(H2O)
NaCl(s)
Na+(aq) + Cl(aq).
Suddenly it appeared!
When two solutions containing dissolved ions are
mixed together, the ions are able to come into contact
with each other. Oppositely charged ions attract. In
some cases, the attraction is strong enough to form
ionic bonds and hence a new ionic compound.
Some of these compounds are insoluble (unable to
dissolve in water) and so a solid called a precipitate
silver chloride +
sodium nitrate
AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq).
5 Chemical reactions
165
+
+
Ag+
Ag+
Will it precipitate?
variety of solutions are added to each other
Cl
Ag+
Ag+
+
+
NO3
NO3
+
+
INVESTIGATION 5.1
Cl
+
+
+
+
Na+
Na+
Cl
Cl
+
+
Na+
Na+
NO3
NO3
THINK
2
3
4
1
3
4
5
work
sheet
166
Science Quest 10
5.4
5.3
Chemicals can be
a health hazard
Many of the chemicals used in industry,
medicine, schools, universities and
homes can be hazardous to your health.
The hazards come about because these
chemicals can react with parts of your
body inside or out. Apart from the
dangers to your own health, chemicals
can react with common substances
such as water and air or have
properties that cause great damage
to property and the environment.
Dangerous goods
Chemicals in the dangerous goods
group are those that could be
dangerous to people, property or
the environment. Most dangerous
goods are grouped into one of nine
classes according to the greatest
immediate risk they present. Some
of the classes are divided into
subclasses. Dangerous goods must
be identified with the appropriate
dangerous goods sign on their
labels. The table on the following
page lists the classes and subclasses,
along with their respective
label signs.
Outside these nine classes,
there are two other groups of
dangerous goods:
1. goods too dangerous to be
transported
eLesson
Saving acid wetlands
Watch a video from the ABCs Catalyst program to discover
whether an acid site near Cairns can be saved.
eles-1072
UNSTABLE
GOODS
TOO DANGEROUS
TO
TRANSPORT
COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID
Hazardous substances
Chemicals in the hazardous
substances group are those that
have an effect on human health.
The effect may be immediate, such
as poisoning and burning, or long
5 Chemical reactions
167
Description
Sign
EXPLOSIVE
Class 2.1
Class 2.2
FLAMMABLE
GAS
NON-FLAMMABLE
NON-TOXIC
GAS
Class 2.3
Class 3
Class 4.1
Class 4.2
Class 4.3
TOXIC
GAS
Flammable liquids: liquids with vapours that can ignite on contact with
air at temperatures below 60.5C
FLAMMABLE
LIQUID
FLAMMABLE
SOLID
SPONTANEOUSLY
COMBUSTIBLE
Class 5.1
Class 5.2
Class 6.1
Class 6.2
Class 7
OXIDIZING
AGENT
ORGANIC
PEROXIDE
5.1
5.2
TOXIC
INFECTIOUS
SUBSTANCE
Radioactive material
RADIOACTIVE
Class 8
Class 9
CORROSIVE
MISCELLANEOUS
DANGEROUS
GOODS
168
Science Quest 10
Assessing risk
A risk assessment identifies the
potential hazards of an experiment
and gives protective measures
to minimise the risk. Before any
experiment involving chemicals
is conducted in your school
laboratory, a risk assessment is
carried out. The form of a risk
assessment varies from school to
school, but will always contain:
a summary of the experiment
a list of the risks and safety
precautions for each chemical
information about whether
the chemical is classified as
a hazardous substance or
dangerous good
a list of protective measures to
be taken. These might include
the use of a fume hood and/or
the wearing of safety glasses or
other protective items.
first aid information.
Most of the information used in
a risk assessment is obtained from
the MSDS for each chemical used.
The date on the MSDS used for
each chemical must be stated to
ensure that the risk assessment is
up to date.
Part of a risk assessment
sheet is shown on the following
page. Risk assessment sheets in
schools are usually completed
and signed by a qualified science
teacher or laboratory technician.
Your scienceteacher is required
to carefully read the risk
assessmentsheet before allowing
an experiment involving chemicals
to commence.
REMEMBER
1
10
11
INVESTIGATE
12
4
5
6
7
THINK
8
5 Chemical reactions
169
Investigating reactivity
REFERENCE
Science Quest 10
CHAPTER 4
Chemical patterns
SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENT
Reactivity of metals
1. Place pieces of magnesium, copper, zinc, aluminium and iron in test tubes.
2. Add 1M hydrochloric acid to the test tubes and observe the reaction.
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
Glasses
Gloves
Dust mask
Lab coat
Fume hood
x
SAFETY INFORMATION
Reactant
HS
DG
CLASS
Hydrochloric acid 1M
MSDS
UN
HAZCHEM
UN
HAZCHEM
1869
4(Y)
EYE
SKIN
INHALED
REACTANT
HS
DG
CLASS
Magnesium
4.1
Flammable
MSDS
FIRST AID
SWALLOWED
EYE
SKIN
INHALED
REACTANT
170
INVESTIGATION4.4
Science Quest 10
HS
DG
CLASS
MSDS
UN
HAZCHEM
5.4
A world of reactions
UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS
Corroding away
Corrosion is a chemical reaction in which a metal is
eaten away by substances in the air or water. The
tarnishing of silver jewellery and cutlery, rust, and the
green coating that appears on copper are all examples
of corrosion.
Rust protection
If you look at a sheet of galvanised iron, you will
notice that it does not have a shiny metallic surface.
Galvanised iron has been coated with a layer of zinc
metal. The zinc prevents the iron underneath from
reacting with oxygen and water in the air and rusting.
Instead, the zinc corrodes first. It reacts with oxygen
2ZnO(s).
Displaced metals
In the classroom laboratory, waste solutions containing
silver ions are never poured down the sink. They are
collected and sent to commercial laboratories where
the valuable silver is recovered from the solutions.
Silver metal can be recovered from silver nitrate
solution simply by adding a piece of copper wire. This
happens according to the equation:
Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq)
2Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq).
atoms
ions atoms
ions
Reactions of this type, where an element displaces
another element from a compound, are called
displacement reactions. In this example, copper has
displaced the silver from the silver nitrate solution.
The reactions of metals with acids are examples of
displacement reactions.
5 Chemical reactions
171
CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
carbon water
dioxide molecules
molecule
Breaking down
Decomposing powder
AIM To observe a decomposition reaction
Zn(s) + CO2(g).
Getting together
Often two elements combine in chemical reactions
to form a compound. Such reactions are called
combination reactions. The reaction of magnesium with
oxygen is a spectacular example. Magnesium burns
in air, producing a brilliant flash of white light. The
equation for this combination reaction is:
2Mg(s) + O2(g)
2MgO(s).
atomsmoleculesmolecules
Notice that this combination reaction is also a
combustion reaction. It is also an exothermic reaction
because it transfers energy to the surroundings.
(Endothermic reactions are chemical reactions that
absorb energy from the surroundings.)
Transferring electrons
172
Science Quest 10
caution
METHOD AND RESULTS
caution
Combustion of methane
The chemical equation for the burning of methane in
a gas jet is:
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)
CO2(g) + 2H2O(g).
Corrosion of zinc
In the corrosion of the layer of zinc used to protect
iron from rusting, a transfer of electrons from the zinc
atoms to the oxygen molecules occurs. This causesthe
formation of positive zinc ions and negative oxide
ions. These oppositely charged ions attract and bond
together to form the ionic compound zinc oxide.
2Zn2+ + 2O2
2ZnO
Displacement of silver
The chemical equation for the displacement of the
silver ion from silver nitrate by copper is:
copper + silver nitrate
Cu(s) + 2AgNo3(aq)
atom
ions
2Mg(s) + O2(g)
2MgO(s).
5 Chemical reactions
173
Ag + Cl.
atom atom
Cu2+ + Cl.
Cu+ + Ag+.
THINK
8
REMEMBER
1
Reaction type
Description
Example
2
3
4
5
6
10
11
174
Science Quest 10
work
sheet
5.5
5.6
5.5
Producing salts
UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS
base
acid
salt
water
Acid
Salt
Sodium hydroxide
Sulfuric acid
Sulfate SO42
Sodium sulfate
Magnesium oxide
Hydrochloric acid
Chloride Cl
Magnesium chloride
Sodium oxide
Acetic acid
Acetate CH3COO
Sodium acetate
Copper(II) oxide
Nitric acid
Nitrate NO3
Copper(II) nitrate
1
2
THINK
Base
Formula
5 Chemical reactions
175
INVESTIGATION 5.3
2
DISCUSS AND EXPLAIN
3
4
5
6
METHOD AND RESULTS
caution
caution
176
Science Quest 10
5.6
The term fossil fuels refers to coal, natural gas and oil,
all of which were formed from decaying plants or
animals over tens or hundreds of millions of years.
light energy
chlorophyll
C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g)
Gas fuel
The flame you see on a gas stove results from the burning
of natural gas. This gas was formed millions of years
ago when the remains of tiny marine and freshwater
plants and animals were transformed into natural gas
that became trapped in rock. When natural gas is burned
to heat water, your home or to cook food, methane
reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water
vapour. During the reaction, the chemical energy stored
in the methane molecules is transformed, heating the
surrounding air, water or food.
methane + oxygen
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)
Solid fuel
Another fuel that is formed over a period of millions
of years is coal. Coal is formed from the remains
Liquid fuel
Crude oil is a sticky, dark, smelly liquid. Most of the
chemicals in it are hydrocarbons compounds of
hydrogen and carbon atoms. Crude oil was formed
from the remains of marine plants and animals that
died over 200 million years ago.
Crude oil is a mixture of chemicals that includes
diesel fuel, petrol, aviation fuel, tar, kerosene and many
more hydrocarbons. So many chemicals make up
crude oil that it has to be separated into the different
hydrocarbons before it can be useful.
5 Chemical reactions
177
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon
Structure
Methane
CH4
Ethane
CH3CH3
89
Propane
CH3CH2CH3
42
Butane
CH3CH2CH2CH3
Pentane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
36
Hexane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
69
Heptane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
98
Octane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
126
Nonane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
151
Decane
10
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
174
GASOLINE 110 C
Pentane, hexane, heptane,
octane, nonane and
decane. Used as motor
vehicle fuel and to make
plastics and detergents.
KEROSENE 180 C
Contains hydrocarbons
with between 10 and 16
carbon atoms. Used in
aviation fuel, paint
solvents and paraffin
for heating and lighting.
Crude oil
HEATER
The fractional
distillation of crude oil
178
Science Quest 10
164
Biofuels
Biofuels are fuels made from biomass. Biomass is the
name given to plant and animal tissue. Living things,
including bacteria, animals and plants, are all energy
converters. When they convert energy, some waste is
produced. The chemical energy in waste and other
chemicals made by living things can be converted into
more useful forms of energy.
5 Chemical reactions
179
Biogas
Liquid
Waste in
Rotting waste
180
Science Quest 10
REMEMBER
2
13
CREATE
14
3
4
5
6
INVESTIGATE
8
9
16
10
THINK
11
12
5 Chemical reactions
181
5.7
Rates of reaction
But what if the same bath bomb was crushed into
smaller pieces? A much larger surfce area comes in
contact with the water, and the bath bomb dissolves
much more quickly.
Reaction rate
Catalysed reactions
heat
Science Quest 10
Catalysts in industry
Industry makes use of many catalysts. For example:
iron and iron oxide are used to catalyse the
production of ammonia gas. Ammonia is used to
make fertilisers and explosives.
vanadium oxide (V2O5) is used in the production
of sulfuric acid. One important reaction in this
process, between sulfur dioxide gas and oxygen,
has a very slow rate at room temperature. However,
Before reaction
During reaction
After reaction
Combination
reaction
Catalyst
Reactants
Catalyst
Compound
New
compound
Decomposition
reaction
New
products
2SO2(g) + O2(g)
V2O5
450C
2SO3(g).
Everyday catalysts
In the confined space of the internal combustion
engine, the fuel does not completely react with
oxygen. As a result, carbon monoxide (CO), a highly
poisonous gas, is produced. Nitrogen oxides are other
harmful gases produced by car engines. In order to
reduce the amount of pollution from these gases,
cars are fitted with catalytic converters as part of the
exhaust system. These converters have a honeycombed
surface that is coated with the metals platinum and
rhodium, and with aluminium oxide. At the catalyst
surface, the nitrogen oxides are converted to less
harmful gases and the carbon monoxide is reacted
with more oxygen to form carbon dioxide according to
the equation:
2CO(g) + O2(g)
2CO2(g).
Exhaust pipe
Carbon dioxide,
water and nitrogen
5 Chemical reactions
183
A liver catalyst
AIM To observe the effect of a catalyst on a
decomposition reaction
1
DISCUSS AND EXPLAIN
INVESTIGATE
6
7
2
3
THINK
4
5
184
Science Quest 10
work
sheet
5.7
5.8
Synthetic polymers
Polyvinyl chloride, also known as PVC, is formed from
the monomer vinyl chloride. PVC is light, rigid and
doesnt corrode, making it ideal for use in drainage and
sewerage pipes.
Polyethylene is formed from the monomer ethylene.
It is light, tough and resistant to most acids and
bases. Polyethylene is used to make plastic bags,
soft-drink bottles, buckets, cling wrap and many
otherhousehold products.
Nylon is one of a group of polymers known as
polyamides, which are formed from monomers joined
by amide bonds. It is used to make fabrics for clothing,
ropes, guitar strings, machine parts and much more.
5 Chemical reactions
185
Two of a kind
Co-polymers
Versatile polymers
A plastic fruit juice container and a toilet seat are both
made from polymers, or plastics. Some plastics are
flexible and soften when they are heated. They can
be moulded easily into a variety of useful products
such as milk and fruit juice containers, rubbish bins,
spectacle lenses, electrical insulation and laundry
baskets. Other plastics are quite rigid and do not
soften when heated. These plastics are used to make
items such as toilet seats, electrical switches, bench
tops, outdoor furniture, lampholders and other
products that require strength and rigidity.
186
F
F
C C
F
F
Science Quest 10
Linear
Linear
chains
chains
Heat
Heat
A tetrafluoroethene
molecule.
Tetrafluoroethene is
the monomer from
which teflon is formed.
Linear chains
Linear
chains
move apart.
move apart.
Crosslinks
Branch
Heat
Polymer
decomposes
as crosslinks
are broken.
10
REMEMBER
1
2
3
IMAGINE
11
INVESTIGATE
12
6
7
13
THINK
8
9
14
5 Chemical reactions
187
5.9
A cool light
UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS
Night golf can be played using golf balls that glow in the dark.
Glow necklaces and light sticks are glowing plastic tubes that
are popular in the evening at outdoor events and amusement
parks. Light sticks can also be included in survival kits as
a light source. Where does the light come from in these
glowing devices? The answer lies in chemiluminescence
the production of light from a chemical reaction.
BEFORE
Phenyl oxalate ester and
fluorescent dye solution
Hydrogen
peroxide
solution
Glass vial
Plastic
casing
188
Science Quest 10
AFTER
the cells of the fireflys abdomen and allow the lightproducing chemical reactions to occur.
Many living things use bioluminescence to light their
dark surroundings, attract their prey and camouflage
themselves. Organisms such as bacteria, protozoa, fungi,
sponges, crustaceans, insects, fish, squid, jellyfish and
simple plants have been found to be bioluminescent.
Mimicking bioluminescence
The production of cool light by fireflies has been used
as a model for the development of chemiluminescent
materials. Although the production of light by
chemiluminescence has been possible for some time,
commercial applications were often not developed
because the reactions were relatively inefficient. The
firefly is able to produce light very efficiently through
the chemical reactions in the cells of its abdomen.
However, in recent years chemical research has
uncovered new, more efficient chemiluminescent
reactions. This has enabled the commercial
production of chemiluminescent items and the use of
chemiluminescence techniques in scientific research.
Investigate
3
5 Chemical reactions
189
STUDY CHECKLIST
MAKING AND USING PLASTICS
190
Digital resources
Answers for this chapter can be
found online in your eBookPLUS.
Online section
This section of the chapter can be found online in your
eBookPLUS.
5.11 Target maps and single bubble maps
Individual pathways
Activity 5.1
Revising
chemical
reactions
FOCUS activity
Activity 5.2
Investigating
chemical
reactions
Activity 5.3
Investigating
chemical
reactions
further
Science Quest 10
eLesson
Saving acid wetlands
Watch a video from the ABCs
Catalyst program to discover
whether an acid site near
Cairns can be saved.
Searchlight ID: eles-1072
Interactivities
Checking for balance
Use this interactivity to
test your ability to balance
chemical equations.
Searchlight ID: int-0677
Time Out: Reactions
Use this exciting interactivity
to test your ability to classify
different types of reactions
before time runs out.
Searchlight ID: int-0759
LOOKING BACK
Link to assessON
assessON for
for questions
questionstoto
test your readiness
readiness FOR
FORlearning,
learning,your
your
progress AS
AS you
you learn
learnand
andyour
yourlevels
levelsOF
OF
achievement.
achievement.www.assesson.com.au
www.assesson.com.au
0.5
2.5
1.0
5.1
2.0
9.8
2.5
11.5
6 Complete the following table, then write the final balanced equation and show physical state symbols.
_________________
Element
_________________
Reactants
Products
C
H
O
5 Chemical reactions
191
Metal
Iron
1.0
Magnesium
3.0
Tin
2.5
Aluminium
3.5
Nickel
2.0
Zinc
1.5
192
Science Quest 10
V2O5
2SO3(g).
ICT Activity
Flavour fountain
Scenario
The Sparky Cola Corporation has a series of advertisements
for which they are famous that always involve a Mentos lolly
being dropped by various means into a bottle of Sparky Cola,
causing a huge foaming jet to burst out of the bottle. As a
good science student, you know that the jet is the result of the
carbon dioxide dissolved in the cola being able to form sizable
gas bubbles very quickly on the rough surface of the lolly. You
may well have even done this trick yourself.
Sparky Cola have decided that they want bigger jets than
ever before and they pride themselves on using real video
footage rather than CGI. They are providing a special prize at
the next Science Fair for the project that determines how the
biggest jet can be produced from a single Mentos lolly and
600mL of cola. You are to provide not only a scientific report,
but also video footage of your highest fountain that they can
use in their next ad. You and your friends are determined to
win the cash prize at the Science Fair and the TV fame for your
Flavour Fountain footage!
Your task
You will design and carry out an investigation that will test
a number of different factors (for example, regular cola or
diet cola) to determine which will produce the highest cola
fountain from a 600 mL bottle of cola and a Mentos lolly. Your
findings will be presented in the form of a scientific report. You
will also produce video footage of the highest fountain that
you can make using what you have discovered.
Process
Open the ProjectsPLUS application for this chapter located
in your eBookPLUS. Watch the introductory video lesson
and then click the Start Project button to set up your
project group.
5 Chemical reactions
193