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Lipids I

IBEO

Function of lipids
1. Energy source
2. Reservoir of energy and carbon

3. Structure build blocks of biological membranes


4. Signal molecules

5. Part of transduction signal pathways


6. Special functions

7. Protective function

(vision, antioxidants, cofactors)

General definition of
lipids
Lipids are organic substances in liquid or
solid form, which are insoluble in water and
soluble in nonpolar solvents such as ether
and chloroform

Classification of lipids
1. Simple (homolipids)

2. Complex (heterolipids)
3. Precursors and derivated lipids:
- Fatty acids, steroids, isoprenoids, fatty aldehydes, fatty alcohols.

Precursors of lipids
Fatty acids

length of chain
saturated
unsaturated

cis/trans

Precursors of lipids

Simple lipids
Waxes

Fatty acid

<
Mm
A
L
C
O
H
O
L

Simple lipids

Simple lipids
Neutral fats triacylglycerols

Fatty acid

Fatty acid

Fatty acid

G
L
Y
C
E
R
O
L

Simple lipids

Complex lipids
(fosfolipids)
Glycerolfosfolipidy
mastn kyselina

mastn kyselina

G
L
Y
C
E
R
O
L

fosft

serin
cholin
inositol
etanolamin

Complex lipids
(fosfolipids)

ethanolamin fosfatidylethanolamin (cefalin)


cholin fosfatidylcholin (lecitin)
inositol fosfatidylinositol
serin fosfatidylserin

Complex lipids
(fosfosphingolipids)
Sphingomyelin
Carbon chain

Fatty acid

S
P
H
I
G
O
S
I
N
E

Phosphate

Choline

Complex lipids
(fosfosphingolipids)

Complex lipids
(glycosphingolipids)
Ganglioside
Cerebroside
Ceramide

Carbon chain

Fatty acid

S
P
H
I
G
O
S
I
N
E

Glucose
or

Galactose

Branched
chains of
saccharides

Complex lipids
(glycosphingolipids)

Lipids as part of biological


membranes

Lipids as part of biological


membranes
Most frequent membrane lipids:
1. Phospholipids

Phosphoglycerids

Sphingomyelins

2. Glycolipids

Cerebrosids

Gangliosids

3. Cholesterol

Lipids as part of biological


membranes
Formation of lipid membrane

Lipids as part of biological


membranes
Characteristics of lipid membrane fluidity

What is
fluidity of
membrane?

Lipids as part of biological


membranes
Characteristics of lipid membrane fluidity
What affects membrane fluidity?

Lipids as part of biological


membranes
Characteristics of lipid membrane fluidity
What affects membrane fluidity?

Lipids as part of biological


membranes
Characteristics of lipid membrane fluidity
What affects membrane fluidity?

Lipids as part of biological


membranes
Characteristics of lipid membrane fluidity
What affects membrane fluidity?

Cholesterol increases rigidity and decreases


fluidity of membrane!

Lipids as part of biological


membranes
Characteristics of lipid membrane permeability

Co ovlivuje rychlost prostupu molekul lipidovou


dvojvrstvou ?

Lipids as part of biological


membranes
Glycolipids gangliosides

200 types of gangliosides

membranes CNS/PNS
brain development
lipid rafts
interactions with
membrane proteins

Lipids as part of biological


membranes
Glycolipids gangliosides
Antigen

Blood type

Lipids as part of biological


membranes
Pathological aspects

Lysosomal storage diseases


Glycolipids
rare inherited

Gangliosides

brain
peripheral nerves

Tay-Sachs disease

spleen

Cerebrosides

liver

Gaucher disease

Nieman-Pick
disease

Sphingomyelin

Ceramide

Sphingosine

Lysosomal storage diseases


Glycolipids
Gangliosidy

Nieman-Pick

Ceramid
Gauchers

Tay-Sachs

Significant "derived" lipids


The system of molecule construction is completely
different from phospho- and sfingo- lipids.
Steroids cholesterol
Eikosanoids
Liposoluble vitamins A, D, E, K

Significant "derived" lipids


Liposoluble vitamines

Vitamin A: trans-retinol, vision, isomerization to 11cis-retinal rohdopsin

Vitamin D: cholecalciferol
(D3),metabolism of Ca anf P

Significant "derived" lipids


Liposoluble vitamines

Vitamin E: a-tocopherol, antioxidant

Vitamin K: menaqiunone (K2), coagulation

Alkaline hydrolysis of fats

3 NaOH (KOH)

soaps

How is related alkaline hydrolysis of


fats with a humpback whale?

Micelle

Micelle versus liposome

Micelle versus liposome

Adipocere

Fat necrosis in acute pancreatitis

Lipoperoxidation
in vitro: rancidity of fats, food industry
in vivo: oxidative stress (source of)
- tissue are damaged by ROS
- mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids in membrane
phospholipids

- direct damage of fatty acids and reactive secondary


products

Lipoperoxidation

Indicator of
oxidative
stress
proteins

deoxyadenosine
deoxyguanosine

Lipoperoxidation

Indicator of
oxidative
stress
proteins

deoxyadenosine
deoxyguanosine

Lipoperoxidation
It contributes to pathogenesis of various diseases:
aging
neurodegenerative diseases
atherosclerosis
diabetes

Animal and vegetable fats


composition overview
saturated

Monounsaturated

Polyunsaturated

Cholesterol

Vitamin E

g/100g

g/100g

g/100g

mg/100g

mg/100g

Animal fats
Pork lard

40.8

43.8

9.6

93

0.00

Duck lard

33.2

49.3

12.9

100

2.70

Butter

54.0

19.8

2.6

230

2.00

Vegetable fats
Coconut oil

85.2

6.6

1.7

.66

Palm kernel oil

81.5

11.4

1.6

3.80

Palm oil

45.3

41.6

8.3

33.12

Cottonseed oil

25.5

21.3

48.1

42.77

Wheat germ oil

18.8

15.9

60.7

136.65

Soybean oil

14.5

23.2

56.5

16.29

Olive oil

14.0

69.7

11.2

5.10

Corn oil

12.7

24.7

57.8

17.24

Sunflower oil

11.9

20.2

63.0

49.00

Safflower oil

10.2

12.6

72.1

40.68

Hemp oil

10

15

75

Canola/Rapeseed oil

5.3

64.3

24.8

22.21

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