~. Refrigeration systems for , Understanding the thermodynamics of the vapor-compression cycle provides the basis for practical design of actual refrigeration units. Here is detailed information for designing single-stage, multistage and cascaded systems. Yao Fe Mehra, Bl Paso Hydiocarbors Go [1 Refrigeration systerns are common iin processes re Tnted fo the, petraleum-refining, petrochemical and ‘chemical, industries, The selection of a refrigerant is enetilly bed upon its availabilty and cooling range, ‘previous experience with it. For instance, in an olefins plant, pure ethylene and propylene are readily avs ilable; whereas in a nacural- {gas processing plant, ethane and propane are at hand, Propane or propylene may not be stitable in an ammo- nia plant because of the risk of contamination, while ‘ammonia may very well serve the purpose. Fluorocar- bons have been used extensively because of their non: flammable characteristics, ‘Due to their inherent properties, a variety of refriger- ants as listed in Table T are used quite economically over a wide range of cooling temperatures. All types of compresiors—reciprocating, serew and ccentrifugal—are used for refrigeration servicer. The the- ory of refrigeration can be applied to any compressor, but side loads are usually considered only in centrifugal coinpressors. Hence, we will confine our discussion to ‘centrifugal machines. ‘The refrigeration effect con be achieved by using one ir aoe (0) xraan lot eomeraabcaenna easton Fae a rel refrigeration, but the majority of installations use vapor compression’ Therefure, we shall discuss only the re- Soe Oi ide ‘Thermodynamics of cycles A Carnot eyele is compored of two isothermal and two isentropic procesies, as represen ed on the tempera tureentropy (7-S) and the pressureenthalpy (P-#1) diagrams in Fig. 1a. Here, Process 1-2 represents expan- son or pressure reduction; Process 2-3 represents heat rejection at constant temperature; Process 3-4 repre- sents compression.or increase in pressure; and Proc- cas 4-1 completes the eyele by heat addition at constant ‘emperature, To carry out a Gamot cycle, itis necessary, 0 have an ideal fics However, real cycles, both direct and reverse, operate with fluids that undergo phase changes during the oy- constant , cludes the same prc that occur during the expan- Vapor-compression cycle ‘Avapor-compresio cycle can aleo be repretented by nddling up equipment’ Inthe sequence shown i Fig 2 In order t Mutrate the proceweslavolved in th cigeation oj ew coir sch ne 5 The expanion proven, Point ed Pot 22) te Fig. 2, can also be refered to 0.00 Sea take te oud comes FTI a cepen ee Tie proce can be epee sented on a P-H diagram, az in Fig. 2b. a ery ecfigerant hast own Pf diagram that rope eas al tieriaay nani espe igre ear ee tion standpoint, the envelope formed by th: bubble- print cure und the dow port curve joing eachother True clad pent teyauem aie The area Ie of the bubble-point curve repseat subsocled guid reftigerant; tho ate Between te bub Tipo and Get poke exrved rented eee TENT RGREERRE TE TE | Wed of v right ratec T abili later a duce apr oft!by to be of vapor and liquid fefrigerant, while the area to the Tight ofthe dew-point curve is superheated vapor. Satu- Fated liquid exists along the bubble-point curve, while ability of quid refrigerant iater this liquid in mest cases sat its saturation pres ture at a ghten temperature. Therefore, Point 1 (t «starting poind is located on the bubble-point curve an isat its saturation presure of Py, psa, at an enthalpy of fg Beu/Ib. In an expansion proces, the presure i r= dhated by flashing the liquid through a contro! valve to fa pressure Py psia. The lower pressure (Pa) sa function ofthe desired refrigeration temperature °F, as det mined by the vapor-presure curve, For pure refriges ams, the saturation presture and. temperature lies Under the envelope are the same, and run horivontally eros the bubble-peint and dew-poirt curves "At the desired refrigeration temperature that corre sponds hte we Pathe enhalpy nf caiursicd liga ‘Re athile the cortesponding satura if Fie Since the expansion proces (12 the control valve and no energy has been exchanged, the enthalpy at the ovtlet of the control vale is the Same as at the inlet, fy. This process is represented in Fig, 2b by a vertical line between Points | and 2. Since Point 2 is inside the envelope, both vapor liquid coexist. 10 order to determine the amount of ‘vapor formed in the expansion process, let 1 be the fraction of liquid at low pressure P, with enthalpy A ‘Therefore, the fraction of vapor formed during the ex pansion proces with an enthalpy Hy, is (1 ~ X) Hence, we may waite equations for the heat balance, the iraction of liguid formed, and the fraction of vapor formed as | hgg + 0 — Hye Fly = is no i xe Boaporation process This portion of the cycle (2-3) sO BETO he evaporation of liqud eciigerant through its latent heat, As shown in Fig. 2c, this process iggg Veted at constant pressure and temperature. The Serna jow-temperature processes vapor formed in the expansion process (I-2) does not provide any refrigeration. Physically, the evaporation {Takes place in a heat exchanger—soinetimes referred to fas an evaporator oF a chiller. The refrigeration is pro- Vided by the cold liquid, an itz reeigeracion effect can. be defined X (Hye — fra) ta)» Bru/tb (4)‘The reftigeration effect (or refrigeration capacity) refers to the total amount of heat absorted in the chiller, and is generally expressed as “tons of refrigera~ tion,” or Btu/unie time. A ton of refrigeration equals 12,000 Bru/b, or 200 Buu/min. To determine the reltig- rant flow (2, Ib/h) required through the evaporator, wwe divide the refrigeration duty (Qrgp Btu/h) by the refrigeration effect (Hya — fy), Btu/ib, or: = Qrey/ Aya ~ haa) ©) Compression process-—The refrigerant vapors leave the chiller or evaporator at its saturation pressure P,. The corresponding refrigeration temperature is T, ‘since | Ty = Tp) at an enthalpy of Hy: The entropy at this point is, Btu/(lb)(*F). These vapors are compressed isentropically to pressurs P, along Line 3-4’ (Fig, 2d) having an eatropy Sy ‘The adiabatic work, W.,, for compressing the refrig- erant from P, to P, is given by: Wag = (Hin — Hyg, Bru/h o where mss flow of refrigerant through the compressor, Th/h; and (Hj, — H,,) 38 the adiabatic head, AH, Racor en error ri) We determine Hy from refrigerant properties at Py and an entzop) of 3). Since the refrigerant is not an ideal uid and since the compressors for such services do. ‘not operate ideally, adiabatit efficiency, 1,4, has been éfifed ts compensate for the inefficiencies of the com- prestion process, Therefore, the actual work of compres. sion, W, can be calculated from: Wea _ mHin — w= ee Yaa = mF — Hy), Btu/h a” ‘The enthalpy at discharge is given by i o Hy, = Et 4 Hy (a) 4 ha werk Laren ds canes | onsen, tnd eed spe honcpower (GE, | coam = (7 \eaes)) where 2,544°3 Buu/h = 1 hp. For moat refigerants) charts-and tables of thermodynamic properties are readily available {1,2} Eq, (6) is very convenient for determining compres: sion work. In order to use Eq. (6), we should know 7,4 Since commercial compressors have standardized frame Sizes, compressor manufacturers provide the nominal polyiTople eMCIENCY, ty, for their equipment. Table IT lists the nominal polytropic efficiency ‘or one compres- sor manufacturer's line [J]. Knowing the inlet flow to the compressor at Py and T,, The earfesponding yoly- \opic efficiency can be determined; and from this paly- tropic efliciency, the adiabatic efficiency ean be ob- ied rom GIT CIBY once nats. iy tea Gr eae + BHM, — 0.77) where: and K = heai-tapaciy rao, 6,/C,, of the gas. Heat capacity ratios for several common refrigerants are shown in Table M1. Condensation process—The supetheated reftigere“t | | | i | wingean—y |ES leaving the compressor at P, and T, Point 4in Fig, 26) deaving the cOmmcant pressure und it temperature | eee ae FG rtrgerant vapors begin veces at constant temperetsse |. Gnder the condensation proces all heat added to the | + sefugerant during evaporation and compression must | Reo ted so that the cycle canbe completed by |e Sucking Point 1 (he starting pol) on the PT dia | = gram, as shown in Fig. 2e or 2b Be aing the refrigeration effect to the heat of com predicn. ne calculate the condensing dt, ca rom: 1 ee = ml — Maa) Hr = ha) * in — Hrd) (10) | Teisimportant to note chat the condensing pressure of | pe refigerant sa function of the cooling. medium Re tebe aie cooling water or another refrigerant Tae coaling medium emoves the heat input, Qea FO {Sg presure,condcnsation will not occur; the compres: wae Pit surge and the refrigeration unit will shut down, ‘Sometimes the saturated liquid is subeooled in. the condanaer to eliminate fash gas during the expansion fries (1-2) ofthe eyce. This helpe to reduce the irc Pilon rate of refrigerant, m, as devermined from Eq, (2), {@) {@) and (9), where X becomes 1 and (1 — X) equals ‘Actual refrigeration system Ae Reiter ncaa, te have ignored the fess “Thus far in our dwcussion, of presure drop in thr piging and est excanngers ast QEeEa with the refrige-ation cycle. single-stage refrig Satan systend WER inclusion of presswr= crops is shown in Fig. 3a. In this system: a hy— Sh where AP, = pressure drop between compressor cise ChargeTIoblle and inlet nozae of the receiver (typically aa eee petw en 3 and 10 pa) ant SP, = press the range bet a eapaon Se and SP ae the carnpresor(Opealy 1.3 Es | Pa Bt oh RAT SRERE TON 7 SE ee‘The compression ratio, «, across the compressor is eee ay where N = number of compression stages For a singlestage machine, the compresion ratio thea becomes: + = Pi/Ph ‘The actual refrigeration cycle on a PH diagram is shown in Fig, 3b. Note thac compression, Process (3-8), oes not statt at the dew-point curve, and that the dis charge presure of the compressor is greater than the condensing presture. The vapors entering the compres sor, Point 3, are lightly superheated, and the isentropic line is slightly tothe right in Fig. 8b. This would result, in a compresior discharge temperature 7% greater than “Tif pressure drops were not included Also, 7; at inc slightly cooler than refrigeration temperature Tr Ics important to note that Fis 4 function of the condensing medium, and Py is a function of the re- Auited refrigeration temperature Single-stage system Tet us considera proces as shown in Fg. 4a; where the feed-gaa stam should be gooled 10. —143"F 10 Tancimize liquids recovery bine -PORENE aneoe- ensible gave Tn oder to minimize energy consumption, itis ad- vanageous to recover eryogen from the rede gas by cooling the fed gas. The chilling and heating curves for the feed and resdue-gas streams are plotted (Fig 4) 0 ermine whether temperature cowovers ori, and the required refrigeration level, The final feed-gastem- perature of —145°F can be easily achieved by a = 150°F reftigeration level. 98 aT Sees ITeshyleceertfigern} wislsble ve cbosin labs ration presure at —150°P se 1715 pia rom the apasieasne Cane he yl SL Alpen ire dope Drop farsied toy rictina tei ote cere 18 pa, lence, we find a compretior inlet prs af Teta es 1715 — 15), Ste this lee prema it ‘PFese than 1427 psia (atmospheric pressure) it i quite safe to use ethylene setigerant for this service. IThanglseiage bi leis ecpealicercyeie wobtira n Big. 5 order to complenthe elRipecto eye i stm tat propylene regan wil be salable at 50°F so that ethylene can be condensed at 45°F hihalpy data in Fig 5 for ethylene eeltigerant, necesary to determine the vehigerant flowrstes, ate readily available [2,3]. ‘We will now evaluate for thin single-stage cycle the sefigesant bontatesee edlebatie wee Ait compres to tat, eden votuearie Hevea Ui decane Car thalpy, Hp and gus horepovee, (OHTA. We begin By subsituting appropriate valuet into Bq, (5) to Gnd m 3 x 108 Taies — e805) From Starling 2}, we obtain the ethylepe entropy at scompreteon inlet pecsore of S65 pai’ ded an cae thalpy of 1,016 3 Bru/lbas 1.6783 Buu/(b\(*R). There fore, the ixntropic enthalpy at a compressor discharge presture of 194-75 pain is 1,085.25 Boyle, Substituting into Eq, (6) yields the adiabatic head Hy, = 1,085.25 ~ 1,016.3 = 68.95 Buu/Ib From Table III, we find the heat-capacity ratio, K, for ethylene as 1,24. And from Starling (2), we find the specific volume of ethylene as 7.327 F/I at 15.65 psia 249,554 Ib/h NE TOE Fa — | fos 5 * de sp i fo 3 a t‘and 10163 Btu/Ib. Therefore, the inlet volumetric Hlowraic becomes: Vj = (249,554 X 7.327)/60.= 30474 £e9/min ‘The polytropie efficiency is 0.77 for inlet volumetric owrates ranging from 20,000 to 35,000 fc#/min. Mak- ing the necessary substitutions into Eq, (8), we deter- imine the adiabatic efficiency, nag) to be 0.7125. Subst tuting into Eq, (7a) yields the discharge enthalpy:, Hy, = (68.95/0.7125) + 1,0163 = 1,113.07 Beu/lb From Eq, (7b), we determine the compression power: (68.95X249,554) (WT2}ASH5) ‘The gas horsepower, (GHP), does not include losses due to mechanical seals and gears. The brake horse- power, (BHP), is defined as: (BHP) = (GHP) + Loses For our discussion, we will not address these Losses because they depend upon the type of seals, operating speeds, comprestor designs, etc. Typically, these losses range from 50 hp to 150 bp. From Bq, (10), we establish the condenser duty: Qee = (1411307 — 876.05)(249,554) 59.15 x 108 Btu/h (GHP) = 9,492 hp Two-stage system Process chilling curves may indicate energy ssvingt. Ler us consider the same heating and cooling duties as for the single-stage system. For the projected two-stage gystem, the heating and cooling curves are shown in Fig. 6a. By splitting the rsidue-gas heating curve, the ciltylene refrigeration duty at ~150°F could be re- duced from 33MM Bru/h* to 25MM Btu/h, while the emaining 10MM Bru/l can be provided at —1068°F "The second level of reftigerant was determined by using SET RENEE owns bee ovens, ie Br eee ua a ieee iene equal compression ratio between the two stages, The tiew schematic for the proces is shown in Fig. 6b. Vere, the process feed gas is still chilled from —45° 10 45°F The two-stage refrigeration system can be rep resented by Fig. 7 Tn order co determine the interstage refrigeration level for a two-stage system, we must determine the compression ratio per stage from Eq. (11): 3 (094.95/18.65)¥? = 3.53, ‘The interstage pressure (Le, the pressure between the fint and seoond stages) is 15.65 x 3.58, or 55.21 psia Hence, the pressure at the second-stage chiller equals 55.21 + 1.5, or 36.71 pia, From the vapor-pressure ‘carve for ethylene [2.5] the refrigeration temperature is equivalent to ~1068°F. Substituting into Eq, (5), we find the refrigerant fow- rate, m, through each chiller: 25 x 108 = pres aOTER 7 992 Ibm | XI gag | = Tipe = eTe Dm ~ 9778 Ib where m, is flowrate through frst stage, and m, through second stage | Liquid Flow to the first-stage chiller (139,924 Ib/h) is provided by flashing the liquid refrigerant from the te- Frigerant receiver at —45°F, and bypassing the second- stage chiller. Tn order to determine the flow of liquid refrigerant from the receiver, let us consider the heat and material balances shown in Fig. 8. Here, let Ib/h denote the Rg refrigerant bypassing the second-stage chiller, which 99| Me need the isentropic enthalpy at 55.21 psia, From Starling [2], we find the first-stage inlet entropy as 1.6783 Beu/(lb\(*R), and the corresponding isentropic enthalpy at 55.21 pela as 1,045.52 Btu/Ib. Substituting into Eq, (6), we find: AH, = 1,045.32 — 1,016.3 = 29.02 Btu/Ib |. _ For ethylene refrigerant, r= 3.53, & From [> Statiing (2), we obtain the specific volume for ethylene / at 15.65 psia and 1,016.3 Bra/Ib as 7.327 f/1b. There fore, the inlet volumetric Rowrate for the first stage is! Viau = (139,924 X 7.527)/60 = 17,087 f2/min The polyttopic efficiency, yp is 0.77 far Aowrates rangiag from 6,000 to 23,000 {4/min, And from Eg, (@), we calculate the adiabatic efficiency, ‘ays as ora, The cequired compression power for the frst stage is obained by using Eq. (7b): (29.02y1139,924) | CP = araaasy 297 Be | _ sing 89. (10, we dettrmine te stage dcharge produces 67268 Ib/h of refrigerant vapor a: —1068°R. |e, yale OH Rig rons These vapors flow through the second-stage ston drm, and leave overhend. The liquid roqeed rom | Hin the second-stage’ flash drum for the first-stage chiller ames from the quantity X By material balance (ae Fe, 8), we find the vapors leaviog the. second-stage suction drum ass Pt | Ma 67,260 ~ 159,924, of (I~ 72,656) lb/h. By heat bal ance around the suction damy we can deters the fmmount of liquid, %, required forthe weconostage su ton ds fom 29.02/0.74) + 1,016.3 = 1,055.52 Bru/b ‘A material balance around the second compression stage yielda the second-stage vapor How 1769085 — 72,656 +. 199,924 = 243,353 Ib/h ‘A heat balance around the second compresion stage Yields the second-stage inlet enthalpy Fh, = $088 52(199,924) + (1,024:71,709,429) ° =" a 243,353 f (X= 72,656)(1,024.71) + (139,924(897.63) Hing 104248 Beafin i (876.05) + (67,268)0,024.11) | ec = sts teh | From Starling (2), we find inlet entropy at 55.21 psa k I and 104248 Brush as L671 Bla/(R), and te ¢ In order to calculate adiabatic work for the first stage, isentropic enthalpy at 194.75 psia as 1,081.35 Bru/lb. Subattuting into Bp. (6), we obtain the adiabece : heal arouse eoond age a . ‘digg = 1081.35 ~ 104248 = 50.92 Beu/tb i ‘The required compriton power forthe second sage ai ts determined fom Ba, 0 a (38.92\(243,35: S SBOE?) «5,090 bp x (0.74)(2,5445) The total compression’ horsepower, (GHP) is: (GHP hy = S{GHP), (2) where IV is the number of stages “Hence, the compression horsepower required for the two-stage system becomes (GHP), = 2,157 + 5,090 = 7,187 hp Using Eq, (7a), we now ealeulate the second-stage discharge enthalpy: Hy ay = (38.92/0.74) + 1,092.43 = 1,095.02 Bruswl es nw stage Buu/Ib SaSEM p/h because liquids condensed ot 0 i suiting int Ba ([) ide he contr rs (995.02 ~ 87605)24858 10°) bet F g529MM Bru eum ‘Three-stage system Sher rou to coceeree emnpy, an siirasive Boos wea tay be consigered ia which liquide 25 ery shee Tye, Hit and — 145° fanaa ee rated Tagua formed, at —1437F a al of the Hal retrigeration duty from 38MM Bal SOMM puree say nor besocooled = — 59" ‘A heat- (end ching curve is shown im FG Gy sforming am analysis sta (0 oe cag, yer, the total compresion, Lorre and sa eTeaiy requirements for a thee sags eer come jetermned: Fora theesiage bY eS religera- can be te having the dies shown it 6. oe find ton ye porsepower for the ethylene comprar and the condenser duty to be: (GHP), = 5477 BP: Dee 4594MM Buu/b Effect of intexstages renee Hc aurate the effect of interstage 16 us COMSAT ; ha vaults for the three ethylene systems: esse kai stages, 4 2 3 eae sane sed upon expefience with several refrigeration 2, an, ae eee | coasts "Bitowing corelation has been (iecoped at | General rile for determining the optimum ‘nursber of “Theres a definite reduction in horsepower and ¢om (eos levels | den daty requsements. For these eInESraSS |. GER ne condenser duty becomes the felngerales oe | forthe propylene or propane rtrigeee Ta summary, | fo, the BOP Sion horsepower foretyene eager ithe rd by aiing eigeant load from Yn” carro warmer Vevels, tne cascaded reIFECraet will lave have lower compression-Power Teaser so ae pane refrigeration system, Table TV fie ce A Pater of interstage, without using the TOE seas th Coermediate levels Ts clea rom thts °2 eration oy consumption is reduced a5 the nmibes of | aaa oy Rreased. However, itt important To ive 1. TIM the intallaton cost of seh refrigeration 27 nize the ncreaes as the number of stages, The OFF ts lo ince il be function of the weriie | rr oad has to be worked out fora se of che z + Sega tition, senere B, the compression ratio, isthe condensing PO where by the lowelevel suetion pressure (Psa) fect of condensing medium | Thescaaiy and cis ‘of a medium for condens sng the regeranc has 4 profound effect on the ink honepomer and, condeningsiv0) etn resin ra) utrated the efet ofthe conden rer om refrigeration requirements for single Cee med cringe spe Let us consider a sngleage | propylene refrigerant system, a8 summarized “in | Table ¥ tbe Ve ilutraes that the epider the condensing | mmediann, the lower the refrigeration requirement For | acu Coa ‘cations, a condensing temperate of mr Gul fommon. Ifa comparable system i Wcated- toteen oaen aed wuicre culder-ambieie semperstures prevail, a signifi cant amount of energy could be saved. Table V also indicates to-a certain extent the changes between sum- mer and winter conditions as well as between day and fight operations Refrigerant subcooling Subcooling liquid refrigerants is very common in re- figeration systems. Subcooling the refrigerant reduces the energy requirements, [cis carried out when an auxil- jary source of cryogen is readily available, and the source steain necds to be heated. Subcooling can be ecomplished by simply installing @ heat exchanges om the appropriate refrigerant and process streams 50 a8 10 tnae beat use of available eryog: ‘Let us consider installing a 3M liquid ethylene refrigerant from the teceiver at ~45°F in the example for the earlier two-stage ethylene reig- eration system. The second stage of this system and re- lated data are shown in Fig. 10. ‘Let Y, Ib, be the refrigerant flowrate to the sub- cooler, aad (¥"— 139,924) the amount of vapor leaving the sevond:-stage suction drum. We determine ¥ by per forming the energy balance around the second stage: 87605¥ + (10 x 108) = 837.63(139,924) + 1,024.71(¥ ~ 139,924) + (3 x 108) ¥ = 223174 Ib/a When we compae this value of ¥ to the value of ¥ for the earlier two-stage system without a subeooler, we find a decrease in the flowrate of 20,179 Ib/h, ic, (243,353 — 223,174). ‘The lower flowrate means re- dused compression horsepower and condenser dut “The enthalpy of the refrigerant leaving the subcooler becomes: 87605 — [(3 x 10°)/223,174] = 862.61 Buu/tb From Starling [2], we find the temperature of —65.9°F, which corresponds to the enthalpy of 862.61 Bru/(b. “The Rowrate of refrigerant through the second-stage chiller becomes: 10 x 108 RET wares = 61680 br As a result of subsooling, the Row of refrigerant through the second-stage chiller has b2en reduced from 67.268 Ib/h to G1,880 Tb/n. This subcooling not only saves energy but alse reduces the size of piping and equipment, which now handle a lesser amount of cireu- lating refrigerant. Refrigerant for reboiling Refrigerants have been successfully used for reboiling services wherever applicable conditions exist. Reboling issimilarin concept to subcooling—heat is taken out of the refrigeration ey Tn rebelling service, the refrigerant changes phase from vapor to liquid, an is esentally at constant tem. perature and pressure. In subcouling service, the tem perature of the guid refrigerant is lowered before Rasbing, The liquid produced in a reboiler service is flasher to the next available stage to produce usefulrefrigeration. The refrigerant condensing preisure is a function of the reboiling temperature plus an approprie ate temperature difference as a driving force. ‘When refrigerant is used for reboiling se-vice and the liquid is flashed co the next stage, it ereates a loop around the compressor, which has to be solved over sev cral iterations. To ilussrate the mechanics, et us con sider, the reboiler arrangement in Fig. 11, The outline for the iteration is; ‘Step I—Assume Hyg = Hay ‘Step 2—Determine my, froH Pyg/(Hyp ~ Hyg) Hyg is known for saturated liquid Sep 3—Determine my. Sep 4 Determine mgs anc Hay Sep 5—IE may < mys, proceed t0 calculations for the next stage by determining: ‘myaHlag + (may — may), tag + ay = Py Sep 6HE may > me then: allay + (rs Hy = Mies Hp a this case, vapors will be withdrawn from the com- pressor’sfourth-stage inlet, and migy < My. Step 7—Repeat Steps 2 through 6 unt! (Faget: eax, = He) Refrigerant cascading In the cascading of refrigerants, warmer reftigerants condense cooler ones. Based on the low-temperature requitements of a proces, a relrigerant that is capable of providing the desired cold temperature is selected or example, the lowest attainable temperature from ethylene refrigerant is ~150°F (for a positive compres- fozsurtion pressure), whereas the lowest temperature level for propylene is 50°F (For a similar positive pres sure). The warmest tempersture level to condense ethyl- ene isis critical vemperature of about 30°F. This ter erature requires unusually high compression ratios—making an ethylene compresor for such service Complicated and neconomical Ina refigeraton cycle energy i transfered from lower to higher temperature levels ceonomtaly by sing water or ambient aay she uticiate heat sink. Ta corde to condense ethane at 50°P, a eat sink at about 45°F is necemary. Since mot cooling water tempera: tures ae higher than 45°F, proponeretigerant can be cavcaded with ethane referent to taafr energy from the ethane sstrn into she cooling water “An example ofa ancadat spre is shown in Fig. 12, sehere an ethane system casates into a propane tem The condenser ‘duty for" the ethene’ sor is SOMME Beu/h, This duty becomes the refigcration load for the propane aysem along. wih 2EMM Bea/h reltigeration at 40°F. Therefore, the: ropane refrigeration sytem has to be designed to pos Vide a toa of 581MM Buu/h ac —0°7n a6diion TO ICMM Bru hat 39°F and TMM Bea/h at 59°. Sion Dany, ir References 2 Sie i mina eps Lae Poe * Rep Ee es aR 199%, pi; Mar. 26, 1979, p 163. ie ‘The author Yor Mein mange, pi ard For peP ons hs Hee “he sr shis cra echahea Fichas an Min cheicleogisering thom the Unveiy of Cafe sr ‘nel 2 repitiedprtecaa nto Clore nd Tes ade Sheba NSE tn a Serv Frofesisnal Engineers tos