ME 401 A

Energy Systems II
Turbomachinery
Module VI

Module 6

Pumps

Introduction
Lifting / movement of water : Crucial importance in human civilization
Ancient design
Present Centrifugal pump - state of-the-art device
evolution over hundreds of years!!
Rotodynamic machine
transfer of mechanical energy from rotor to fluid
increases fluids pressure energy
movement of fluid from lower to higher elevation
.... Example of Natural Pumping action: The Highest head Pump ?!!..

Evolution ....

Courtesy: web

Evolution ....

Courtesy: Water 2015, 7,

5031-5060

Timeline for Historical Development

Courtesy: Water 2015, 7, 5031-5060

Through History....

Through History....

Classification
Action:
Centrifugal
Reciprocating
Flow direction:
Radial
Axial
Mixed flow

Turbine in Reverse...................

Pumping System

Courtesy: Fluid Mech. & Fluid Machines SKS, GB, SC

Net Head
Total head:
Pressure + Velocity + Elevation

Static Head
Manometric Head : why?
Relation between Static and Manometric head

Centrifugal Pump
Francis Turbine in reverse .........

Construction & Components

Main Components:
1. Impeller
2. Diffuser ring
3. Volute Casing
4. Suction Pipe
5. Delivery pipe

Courtesy: Fluid Mech. & Fluid Machines SKS, GB, SC

Impeller
Solid disc with curved vanes on its surface
Shrouded Impeller : advantage?
Otherwise, pump casing serves as shroud
Open impeller (?!)

Courtesy: Web nptel lectures

Working

Velocity Triangles

whirl velocity
at inlet,
usually,
Zero.
Courtesy: Fluid Mech. & Fluid Machines SKS, GB, SC

Slip Factor
Definition:
Cause:
Recirculation

Courtesy: Fluid Mech. & Fluid Machines SKS, GB, SC

Losses
Hydraulic losses:
in pump:
shock, eddy, at entrance & exit
(tangential at only design condition!)
Friction in impeller
Friction, eddy loss in diffuser
other:

Friction & other losses in suction pipe

Friction & other losses in delivery pipe

Mechanical losses:
Friction between fixed & rotary parts, Bearing
Stuffing boxes, etc.
Disc friction between impeller & fluid
Leakage / Recirculation losses:
Fluid flowing from high to low pressure side

Leakage lossses

Courtesy: Fluid Mech. & Fluid Machines SKS, GB, SC

Summary of Losses

Courtesy: Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics Modi & Seth

Efficiencies
Manometric Efficiency
Volumetric Efficiency:
liquid discharge from pump to liquid
passing through impeller
Mechanical Efficiency
Overall Efficiency

Head-Discharge Characteristics

Effect of Blade Outlet Angle

Courtesy: Fluid Mech. & Fluid Machines SKS, GB, SC

Most Suitable !

Courtesy: Fluid Mech. & Fluid Machines SKS, GB, SC

Volute Casing Design

No torque to fluid after impeller tip
Angular mom. Constant, if friction is neglected
Fluid Path - Free vortex
Constant Radial velocity around circumference
Result: Spiral streamline in the casing
Casing shape should match with one spiral streamline
Volute casing: Important in pump design
~10% head by impeller is lost in casing, at max. efficiency.

Diffuser
KE to PE with high efficiency within short length
Diffuser passage divergence ~8 to 10 deg. : BL separation
diffusion varies with number of vanes
more vanes -> more frictional losses
Optimum vanes: compromise

Courtesy: Fluid Mech. & Fluid Machines SKS, GB, SC

Interim Summary

Cavitation
minimum pressure at the pump inlet
lower than atmospheric pressure
by (elevation + velocity head + friction loss)
friction loss includes: at valves, bends, strainers, etc.

Pi > Pv
cavitation can be noted by sudden drop in efficiency and head

NPSH
NPSH:
available suction head (including both static & dynamic
heads) at the pump inlet above the corresponding vapour
pressure.
Thomas cavitation factor:
NPSH/Hm
Critical cavitation factor
: as large as possible, hence, z as small as possible
> c : for cavitation to not occur
c = f (Nsp)
c = 0.103 (Nsp/1000)(4/3)
can be increased by reducing suction lift
Some situations (hot liquid) pumps need to be installed
at liquid surface or even below

Priming
Removal of air from suction pipe
Impeller can not impart enough energy to push out air, and suck liquid

Self-priming pumps

Minimum Starting Speed

If head developed is less than manometric head, then no flow
When impeller is rotating, but no flow then water is rotating
in a forced vortex.
so, centrifugal head / pressure head caused by centrifugal force
on rotating water = (u2^2 u1^2)/2g
flow will commence only if this head is > = Hm
(u2^2 u1^2)/2g > = Hm
u = pi. D. N / 60
using above relations, N can be obtained.

Specific Speed
to compare performance of different pumps.
speed in rpm of geometrically similar pump of such a size that
under corresponding conditions, it would deliver one litre of
liquid per second against a head of one meter
Ns = N Q1/2 / (Hm)3/4
Q, Hm: corresponding to max at normal working speed
for multistage pump: Hm = Htotal / n
for double suction: Q = Qtotal / 2
Classification based on Nsp: low to high Nsp
Slow speed:
Medium speed:
High speed :
Mixed flow / screw type:
Axial flow or propeller:

Nsp =

300 to 900
900 - 1500
1500 2400
2400 to 5000
3400 to 15000

Performance & Characteristics

Need:
Ideally, design condition -> One speed, head, discharge
Reality is different

Pump performance: bound to be different

off-design conditions: poor performance
Characteristic curves:
to predict behaviour & performance under varying conditions
Three types:
1. Main & Operating characteristics
2. Constant efficiency / Muschel curves
3. Constant head & constant discharge curves

Main Characteristics
different speed
How?
at each speed,
vary Q by valve
in delivery pipe
get Hm, P, eta_o
plot
Use:
Performance at
different speeds

Courtesy: Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics Modi & Seth

Operating Characteristics
runs at one speed: designed / driving motor speed
Operating Characteristics : to that speed
Q, H for max -> normal Q, H
Shut-off head: Zero Q
Convey:
will pump handle
necessary Q for desired H ?
how discharge varies with
H
Motor rating
Overloaded?
Courtesy: Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics Modi & Seth

Iso-Efficiency Characteristics
Method:
draw horizontal line on o Vs. Q plot
transfer to Hm Vs. Q plot
Why:
line of max. o
range of operations for given o

Courtesy: Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics Modi & Seth

Constant Head-Discharge
why?
if speed constantly varies
at const. Head, speeds required for desired varying discharge
at const discharge, speeds required for desired heads

Dimensionless terms

Courtesy: Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics Modi & Seth

Pump-System Characteristics
external system = piping, bends, valves, etc.
flow: highly turbulent
losses sq. of flow vel.
h1 = [f l1 V12 / 2 g d1 ] + [K1 V12 / 2 g] : Major + Minor
h2 = ...
f = Darcys friction factor
Hm = Hs + h1 + h2
System Resistance = h1+ h2 = KQ2
measure of head loss for
given discharge through
system
Hm = Hs + KQ2
Operating Point:
Intersection of pump
& system characteristics
what @ horizontal piping?!

Courtesy: Fluid Mech. & Fluid Machines SKS, GB, SC

Effect of Speed variation

If H-Q values are known at one speed, how to find at other speed?
Similarity principles
For a given pump (-> D constant): Q1 / N1 = Q2 /N2
also, H1/N1^2 = H2/N2^2
hence, H Q^2 .... Parabola
Implication:
all similar points on H-Q lie on parabola passing through origin

Courtesy: Fluid Mech. & Fluid Machines SKS, GB, SC

Variation of Pump diameter

variation in pump diameter
Using similarity laws
For a given constant speed
Q1 / D1^3 = Q2 / D2^3
H1 / D1^2 = H2 / D2^2
H Q^(2/3)

Pumps in Series
to increase head
o/p of pump serves as input to next pump

Pumps in Series
same type of pumps

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Multistage Pumps
multiple impellers in single casing

Courtesy: Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics Modi & Seth

Pumps in Parallel
to increase flow rate

Courtesy: Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics Modi & Seth

Pumps in Parallel
Same type of pumps

Courtesy: Fluid Mech. & Fluid Machines SKS, GB, SC

Pump: Series & Parallel

Different types of pumps

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Summary: Centrifugal Pump

Axial Pump

Details
Propeller pump
converse of axial flow turbine
Impeller = central hub + blades
usually, 2-8 blades; hub to impeller diameter ratio 0.3 to 0.6

Courtesy: web nptel

Details
Axial flow
Fluid particles do not change radial position
Inlet guide vanes: to properly direct fluid to rotor
Outlet guide vanes: to remove whirling component at discharge
Applications:

Low head, high capacity

typical head ~20 m

Principle & Working

Analysis
Blades: Airfoil section
No tangential entry
but at AOA = i
analysis at mean radius
constant flow: Vf1 = Vf2
for max work Vw1 = 0
Why blades are twisted ??
why twist changes with
radius?

Courtesy: web nptel

Courtesy: www.youtube.com

(for videos)

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