Velocity and Acceleration qi A pulse of laser light takes 1.3 seconds to travel from the Moon to the Earth, Youll need to 7 The speed of light is approximately 3 x 10° mvs. rearrange the = speed formula. How far away is the Moon from the Earth? Give your answer in km. Qu An egg is dropped from the top of the Eiffel tower. Ithits the ground after 8 seconds, at a speed of 80 m/s, a) Calculate the egg's acceleration. b) How long did it take for the egg to reach a velocity of 40 m/s? Qa Ealing is about 12 km west of Marble Arch. It takes a tube train 20 minutes to get to Marble Arch from Ealing. Only one of the following statements is true. Circle the appropriate letter. A The average speed of the train is 60 m/s. The average velocity of the train is 10 m/s. The average velocity of the train is 60 m/s due east. ob The average speed of the train is 10 m/s. moo @ The average velocity of the train is 10 m/s due west. Paolo and some friends want to order a takeaway. Paolo writes down what they know about the two nearest takeaways: Qa Ludo's Pizza Moonlight indian Takeaway + Time taken to cook the food is 1/4 hour Time taken to cook the food is 1/2 hour + Distance to the house is 6.5 km + Distance to the house is + km + Deliver on scooters with average + Delivery van has average speed of 30 km/h speed of 40 km/h SE Remember to addon the Which takeaway should they order from to get their food the quickest? = time taken to cook the food, = Qe Acar accelerates at 2 m/s?. After 4 seconds it reaches a speed of 24 m/s. How fast was it going before it started to accelerate?D-T and V-T Graphs Qa @ @ ‘Steve walked to football training only to find that he'd left his boots at home. He turned round and walked back home, where he spent 30 seconds looking for them. To make ito training on time he had to run back at twice his walking speed. Below is an incomplete distance-time graph for Steve's journey. Distance (m) a) How long did it take Steve to walk to training? b) Calculate Steve's speed (in mis) as he walked to training, © Complete the graph to show Steve's run back from his house to training (with his boots. Time 6) “The speed limit for cars on motorways is 70 mph Pitance (= G1 mV). A motorist was stopped for speeding as. 72 she joined the motorway from a service station. The distance-time graph on the right shows the car's acceleration. The motorist denied speeding. 6. Was she telling the truth 24 ‘A motorist saw a puppy asleep on the road 25 m in front of him. It took him 0.75 seconds to react and slam on the brakes. The velocity-time graph below shows the car's deceleration. 7 Ithelpo to op the graph up Into tyo sma shapes, z= Use the graph to work out whether the et ‘motorist stopped before hitting the puppy. a 2 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 TimeMass, Weight and Gravity the correct explanation for why the Moon bits the Earth? Tick the appropriaté box: i there is an attractive force between the weights ofthe Earth and Moon. Li they attract each other as they have masses caused by them having weight. Li the weight of he Moon acts downwards Li there is an attractive force between the masses of the Earth and Moon. The mass ofthe Moon acts downwards ‘Two mad scientists are planning a trip to Mars. Professor White tells Professor Brown — "We won't need ¢0 much fuel for the return trip — the rocket will have less macs on Mars.” Is Professor White's reasoning correct? Explain your answer. (Ignore the fuel burned reaching Mars). Professor Brown wants to investigate gravity on Mars. He takes to Mars a small fire extinguisher which weighs 50 N on Earth. He also takes his bathroom scales. On Mars, Professor Brown weighs he fre extinguisher ie The seals ead 19 ky Spraomasacte = Calculate the acceleration due to gravity on Mars. = feesenaaeter ‘A space probe lands on the icy surface of Europa, a moon of Jupiter. It weighs a set of known masses, but the readings are not very accurate. Plot a graph on the axes using the information from the table, and use it to estimate the strength of Europa's gravity asin Graph of Weight Against Mass 0.2kg | 0.30N ~ 0° | eee eave ossn| $08 ont] one 02 on O11 02 03 04 05 Mass kg)The Three Laws of Motion Qi ° @ ° Use the words below to fill in the blanks, Proportional force reaction stationary accelerates opposite constant resultant ___inversely__belanoed Newton's 1st law: Ifthe forces on an object are - i's either cor moving at speed Newton's 2nd law: If an object has a force acting on it, it in the direction of the _,to the force and __t0 the mass. The acceleration is Newton's 3rd law: For every action there is an equal and... Otto is driving the school bus ata steady speed along a level road. Tick the boxes next to any ofthe following statements which are true. 11 The driving force ofthe engine is bigger than the friction and air resistance combined. The driving force of the engine is equal to the friction and air resistance combined. 1 There are no forces acting on the bus. [No force is required to keep the bus moving State whether the forces acting on these objects are balanced or unbalanced. Explain your answers A cericket ball slowing down as it rolls along the outfield. ‘A-car going round a roundabout at a steady 30 mph. Avvase knocked off a window ledge. A satellite orbiting over a fixed point on the Earth's surface, ‘A bag of rubbish which was ejected from a spacecratt in empty space.The Three Laws of Motion Q4 [The table below shows the masses and maximum accelerations of four different antique Cars. Qe a b car mass ko)! sccen amt Ce 5 Palmerston 6 | 1560 oF Heath TT | 950 3 ‘Asquith 360_| 790 2 Write down the names of the four cars in order of increasing driving force. Jo and Brian have fitted both their scooters with the same engine. When he's sat on it, Brian's scooter has a mass of 110 kg and an acceleration Cf 2.80 mis*. Jo only manages an acceleration of 1.71 s* on her scooter. What force can the engine exert” Calculate the total mass of Jo and her scooter. A spacecraft launches a probe at a constant speed. A day later, the probe returns at the same speed, Did the probe have to burn any fuel? Explain your answer. Maisie drags a 1 kg mass along a table with a newton-meter so that it accelerates at 0.25 m/s The newton-meter reads 0.4 N. Calculate the force of friction between the mass and the table, Which of the following statements correctly explains what happens when you walk? Circle the appropriate letter. ‘A. Your feet push the ground backwards, so the ground pushes you forwards, B The force in your muscles overcomes the friction between your feet and the ground. © The ground's reaction can't push you backwards because of friction. D Your feet push forwards, and the ground's reaction is upwards.QI Qz a) b) Qa Friction Forces and Terminal Speed Choose from the words supplied to fill in the blanks in the paragraph below about a skydiver. decelerates decrease less balances increase constant greater accelerates When a skydiver jumps out of a plane, his weight is __than his air resistance, so he , _ downwards. This causes his air resistance to until it __ his weight. At this point, his velocity is _. When his parachute opens, his air resistance is than his weight, so he . . This causes his air resistance to until it his weight. Then his velocity is _ once again. Which of the following will reduce the drag force on an aeroplane? Tick all appropriate boxes. LJ flying higher (where the air is thinner) carrying less cargo flying more slowly making the plane more streamlined A scientist plans to investigate gravity by dropping a hammer and a feather from a tall building. Two onlookers predict what will happen. Say whether each is right or wrong, and explain why. Paola: "They will land at the same time — gravity is the same for both." Guiseppe: "The feather will reach its terminal velocity before the hammer." Paola is tight / wrong because __ Guiseppe is right / wrong because Mavis is investigating drag by dropping balls into a measuring cylinder [ full of oil and timing how long they take to reach the bottom. e She does the experiment with a golf ball, a glass marble and a ball bearing. ~ From this experiment, can Mavis draw any conclusions about \ the effect of size on drag? Explain your answer. = | Top Tips: when an object moves through the air at high speed, the air resistance is proportional to the object's velocity squared. That's why, for skydivers, air resistance soon balances their weight and they reach terminal velocity. It's also why driving very fast is very inefficient,Stopping Distances 1 Stopping distance and braking distance are not the same thing. a) What is meant by ‘braking distance’? b) Use the words in the box to complete the following word equations. braking speed reaction thinking i) Thinking distance = Stopping distance = distance + __.. distance. Q2 Will the following factors affect thinking distance, braking distance or both? Write them in the relevant columns of the table. tiredness road surface weather speed alcohol tyres brakes load Thinking Distance Braking Distance Q3 Acar joins a motorway and changes speed from 30 mph to 60 mph. Which one of the following statements is true? Tick the appropriate box. The total stopping distance will double. The braking distance will double. Thinking distance will double and braking distance will more than double. Both thinking and braking distance will more than double. Q4 A car has just driven through a deep puddle, making the brakes wet. Explain why this will increase the stopping distance of the car.Qi a) b) a) b) a) b) Turning Forces and Centre of Mass Fill in the blanks in the following passage, using the words supplied. moment force pivot perpendicular The turning effect of a is called its | It can be found by multiplying the force by the ._. _ distance from the line of action of the force to the |. What are the units in which moments are measured? To open a door, its handle needs to be rotated clockwise. A force of 45 N is exerted vertically downwards on the door-handle at_ (ToT —— a distance of 0.1 m from the pivot. What is the moment of the force? = ({@ Pictures A, B, C and D show equal forces being exerted on the handle. Which of the forces shown (A, B, C or D) exerts: i) the largest moment? ii) the smallest moment? a door frame Barry the burglar plans to use a crowbar to force open the door of his neighbour's house. He has calculated that a moment of 30 Nm will be enough to force the door open. ¢ 80cm Barry's only crowbar is 80 cm long, and he can exert a force on it of up to.45N. Will he be able to force the door (by pushing on the crowbar in the direction shown)? Explain your reasoning. > Jez, Barry's partner in crime, can only exert a force of 35 N. He realises that he'd need a longer crowbar than Barry's. What's the minimum length of crowbar Jez would need to force the door?Turning Forces and Centre of Mass @s a b a b) ‘A baby's pram toy consists of a toy banana hanging from a bar over the pram. The banana is hanging at rest, as shown. Draw a line on which the centre of mass must fall. ‘Complete the following sentences by choosing from the words and phrases below: ‘When a suspended object's... the pivot, the _ distance between the line of action of the gravitational force and the pivot is zero. This means that there is no _.. due to the object's weight. You Can thiRk of the centre of mass asthe point where all the weight of an object acts Using lines of symmetry, find the centre of mass of each of these shapes: Circle the correct answer to complete this sentence. ‘The centre of mass of a raindrop is A. atthe top D_ near the bottom B_ near the top E at the bottom © midway down5 women, on at ech end, ho 08 mong rl pe swoghing 130" sothat tina hoon postion {German aioe le pool hs ed \Whatis the moment onthe ple due ois weight an instant ater he et ot “Goalies sows 27 Some pups wan oid the cee of ss fn regula shaped place of crdbosrd) They are qupped ih aad wo hag the card ema plonb ine and a peel ‘They mate ole ner one eg of he cr and hang it a the sand 2) What sep shoul they ake nest in deo find the cent of mass? 1) How could they make their esl mare elle? DOP TRS: sromers arent 20 bad — there’ only ove formula t lear, but remember hat ‘sony works when he force nd tance sta ight ane. Fang cere of act eat me ck ‘a fall unless the shape’ nice and regular) rake cure vou learn the method good and properQ Qe @ a » ° @ Balanced Moments and Stability ‘A2.N weight (Weight A) sits 20 cm to the left ofthe pivot of a balance. ‘A5 N weight (Weight B) is placed 16 cm to the left ofthe pivot. Teom 7 em What is the moment exerted by Weight AZ ‘What isthe moment exerted by Weight B? — ne How far to the right of the pivot should Weight C (8 N) be placed to balance A and 8? Ivall three of the weights were exactly twice as far away from the pivot, ‘would the balance tip over to one side? Explain your answer. ‘The top drawer of a two-drawer filing cabinet is full of heavy files, but the bottom drawer is empty. Why is the cabinet in danger of falling over ifthe top drawer is fully pulled out? ‘The pictures show three different designs for vases. By [+] fe Which vase will be most stable? Explain your answer. 80m ‘One Side Of a drop-leaf table is pivoted on a hinge and supported 5 cm from its edge by a table leg, The table leaf is 80 cm long and weighs 40 N. en woh pivot Find the force, F, exerted by the table leg (when the force ON table leaf is fully extended) from table legPage 47 — Velocity and Acceleration SION arc = eed x tee ee Te 2101.3 399620 40m, Dring y 1000 es {80 Oba an 9 10" ke (Q22) _Sncethe oy was doped om es, ts changin sped 15.0 as. Pang te rarer nae emul you ge eeceeen shinee tml. 80 1) Now eearange te fouls st tine rcsleaion 7 10 (22 Fist wr out hw fat theta ing is — Reeriniea Aad ‘oct shold ves dct so you can dicount Stivers Te tants vera pends 101 6 ulna inthe total me would ae or each of thetaesway trac he hose cj Tine taken cook he od is 025 hous, othe tol ie 04 are 7 Ti eno cok tho 6 0. hs, x the tal me = hour SC they should dry Und’ za QS Rearanging thc lomul or section you ge ‘hang mvt = accelaton time =? x= Bins Change nveioty “al velcty- na ‘eli, ol veloc = al veo = charge in Velocy = 26" 8 =e Page 48 — D-T and V-T Graphs ta) 180s10°3 min) sete Sas “i fr dleSection Four — Forces and Energy @ @ Heras thee ih the ie ook hin to wal he — 50. Se raph ‘The graph shaw that he motorist accelerates for about 1S second then evel a conan pred. So the trade cfthe raph benaeen 13s and 10 wil ge fou the speed. Conte = vercal change» briana Change “72-18 3.0-15)= 542 P= 36m te she was exceding the sped it Sothe motor was teling the eh ‘he ditance the mars tants before stopping el ‘olbe area under the yaph Ton spit the ph ‘rectangle and rangle. Area of the rectrgie = Bae ight 05 123m, Ata the mangle Pal = (nt hgh. 05-25% 12 13m. Tou atm fe t5me 24m, Hed hte puppy Page 49 — Mass, Weight and Gravity a a) @ a The four statement should be ticked Professor White's reasoning incorrect. The mas ofthe ‘rocket willbe the sme on any planet's the weigh that wl change r= SE an gy on thi the entngiser mast have amass of ig. 190.38, Te balance ead 38% of the we mass, sothe pana el sent on Mars 389% that on Ev Tom 38% = 3.8 me Pat the points and daw sine bes wl go though he origin since a mas of Og will have no we CGeaitational eld sengh = BY, 5 find he raion feet td he anton ap Gratien = talanced, sition, contin. rout cetera force, peportiona, inversely eel 2 Thesecond statement should be iced Gi iltore se acceleration i any econ the frees can be balanced 1) Unbtanced — the bl s sling down, which ‘eave acceleration, ty Unban monn incl mess consay ‘hanging recon, which eqites acceleration. @_Unialunced =the vse wl be accelerating acto 4) Crbutanced —asby. 3 Balanced wit ai etance or iy ho wibe toaceleaton-~ the bg wl conve vaveing he Grecion twas ejected athe specd was en then ‘ec 2s Roce = Mas Acceleration, Disc 5000 #00 kg 3 mi" = 4000 Paterson 6: 1560 ky 07 m= 1ORDN Hout 950 kg ms 20508 ‘Asan 380-790 ig? m= 1500 8 Sotho onde Falmerton gui 380, Heath Dirac 9000, 52) Thettce of teenies 110k «2.80 m= 08 ‘ecelraion (6 Sincethe probe came back, mus have changed ‘rection, wich eqies acceleration. Acceleration ruin force, so sme fuel mut hve ben bart. {Athough its posible that the change recon could the made by wing the gro oa plane or herby n space! a7 Grng = a. the resultant force on he mass must be Vig 025 mi! #025 8 estiant ce = force onthe newon-meter foc ot ftom they actin opposite drectons| O25N 04 N fore of ton soo of fcon = Coy Page 52 — Friction Forces and Terminal Speed Mas Qt grater accelerates, increase, balances, constant. gate, ‘Secclrte, decrene balances constant @2_Allthe boxes excep ‘crying kes car shold be tecked 32) Piola is wrong because though gai the aceleaing ferce puns rss the sre for bah ce se rexstnce wll et them diferent bcs hey ne {irene 1) Guseppe i ight because dag wil be geste othe Fesher compared ity eight so dea will bare ‘weight sooner The ham will continue aceeate Teelonger than the eater 4 No, nis cant daw any conclusion, "he terminal weet depends no only atic s determined bythe ize, shape and stn oe jee ton the weg ofthe eject and te weg ‘hele will be dierent Qa) How ara cartes once the bakes a pie 1) Thinking distance = speed » reaction tine. (rte ther {9 Sopping dance = thinking distance + braking tance.a @ He runs therein half the ime it took him to walk here — 90. See graph The graph shows thatthe motorist accelerates for abou 1.5 seconds, then ravels at a constant speed. Sothe gradient ofthe graph bewcen 1.5 sand 3.05 will gve you the sped. Gradient = vertical change + horizontal Change = (72 18)+(3.0~1.5)= 54+ 15 =36.ms— Le she was exceeding the speed lit. So the motorist wasn tling the ruth ‘The dance the motors rael before sopping is ual tothe aea under the graph To find i spit he graph into rectangle anda wiangle. Area ofthe rectangle = ase x height = 0.75 12 = 9m, Area ofthe tangle = hal « base x eight. 0.5 «2.5 12-= 15 m. Total dance = 9 ims 15m=24m, He ld’ hit the puppy: Page 49 — Mass, Weight and Gravity a Qa, » @ The fouth statement should be ticked Professor White's reasoning incorrect. The mass ofthe rocket wll be the same on any planet — tthe weight that wll change Se and gravity on Eathis 10 mis, so the iy 19 kg extinguisher must havea mas of Sky, 12 KE ingisher mus ha ofS =o Mass ‘The balance eads 38% ofthe tue mas 50 the pavtational eld svengh on Maris 38% of that on Eth 10m 38% = 38 mi Plot the points and draw line of best ft. will go through the origin, since amass of kg wl have no weight sno wight Gavitational ld strength = “SE, so ind the gradient ofthe ine to find the gravity on Europ se _O69N ag Geadion = 2, werd 051g Pages 50-51 — The Three Laws of Motion a balanced, tionary, constant / resultant, accelerates, fre, propaiona,iversely proportional “opposite reaction, qe @ a » ae a) » % a » “The second statement shouldbe ticked there i acceleration in any direction, the forces can balanced Unbalanced — the bal slowing down which i negative acceleration Unbalanced — mation in circle means consany changing diection, which requires acceleration. Unbalanced — the vase will be accelerating duet vty. Unbalanced —as Balanced — without ir resiance or gravity there wil be no acceleration — the bag wil contin raveing in te ‘iection it was ejected atthe speed i was given when ejected, Force = Mass « Acceleration. Disroel 9000: 800 kg x 5 mis = 4000 N Palmerston 61560 kg x 0.7 mi = 1082 N Heath TE: 950 kg x 3 ms! = 2850 ‘Asquith 380; 790 kg 2 mis! = 1580N So the comet order is: Palmerston 6, Asquith 380, HeathTT, Disraeli 9000, The force of the engines 110 «2.80 m= 308, Since the probe came bac, it must have changed rection, which equi acceleration. Acceleration requires force, so some fel must have been but (Although t's possible thatthe change in det could bbe made by using the gravity of a plane or ther body space) Using F= ma, the resultant force on the mass mus be hg 025 ms! =0.25 N Resultant force = force onthe newton-meter feof friction they actin oppose direction). 0.25 N-=0.4 N-forceof fiction, so foc of fcon = D4N-025 N=0A15N. a eater, accelerates, increase, balances, consas, gate, deceerats, decrease, balances, constant All the boxes except carrying les cago should be ticked. lai wrong because although gravity the aceering force pe unit mas) isthe same for both objets, ai resistance wil aft them dferently because they hae lferent shapes. Guiseppe isright because dag wil be rater the feather compared tis weight, o drag wll balance is weight sooner The hammer wl contin o acleate foe longer than the fates No, Mavis ean dra any conclsions, ‘The eminal velocity depends not only on dag which Wes. 45Nx08m=36Nm 3) 30235-0857 fo.) sf) Soler woud needa crowbar St east 86 em long laugh in protic would have thea bit longer so that he could rp proper. 289) he conte of mate ‘as fl ont ne 1b) cente ofmass,vercally below, perpenicly, momen °) ‘ “The lines should pestish Semae hese Ze The weight ofthe pole acs at its centre of mas, The ceteof mac ofthe pol 0. ms om end. M= Fire 1304 52m @73) Hang the plumb ine rom he sme point a the pice of ‘ar Dr pene line o the card log the lamb Fie ang the card in diferent postion ard othe ‘sive thing again. Where the wo lines cro te cete tras. 1b) Petre ane: Repeat the same steps fo Seven pot pos get multiple ins tat wil all ros a the cee ctmse ‘er acepable answers: mak sure the cards nt saying when the ines ae make ne mee by making telnet ent ut of shape ae sae the lie nto thick and secs, placed, Page 79 — Balanced Moments and Stability Qa) M=Fid=202= 04 Nm aniline, 1B) MaFd= 5016-08 Nm aiclockie, (8) Tal arclockwse moments = al locke more Nx cance Nx dance disance =015 m= 15mQ2z d) No. Since all the moments would be multiplied by 2, it would stay balanced. A lot of the mass of the filing cabinet is concentrated in the top drawer. So, when the drawer is fully pulled out, the centre of mass could move beyond the edge of the base, making the cabinet unstable. C, because it has the widest base and lowest centre of mass. The weight acts at the centre of mass = 40 cm from the pivot. The leg is 80 - 5 = 75 cm from the pivot. Anticlockwise moments = Clockwise moments 40Nx0.4m=F x0.75m 16 Nm=Fx0.75m 16 +0.75 =F F =21.3N