COMP232 - Mathematics for Computer Science

Tutorial 6

Ali Moallemi
moa ali@encs.concordia.ca

Iraj Hedayati
h iraj@encs.concordia.ca

Concordia University, Winter 2016

Ali Moallemi, Iraj Hedayati

COMP232 - Mathematics for Computer Science

1/8

Table of Contents

2.1 Sets
Exercise
Exercise
Exercise
Exercise
Exercise
Exercise

8
17
20
22
37
45

Ali Moallemi, Iraj Hedayati

COMP232 - Mathematics for Computer Science

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Exercise 8
For each of the following sets, determine whether {2} is an element of
that set.
a) {x R|x is an integer greater than 1}
Answer:{2, 3, 4, } NO
b) {x R|x is the square of an integer}
Answer:{1, 4, 9, 16, } NO
c) {2, {2}}
Answer:YES
d) {{2}, {{2}}}
Answer:YES
e) {{2}, {2, {2}}}
Answer:YES
f) {{{2}}}
Answer:NO
Ali Moallemi, Iraj Hedayati

COMP232 - Mathematics for Computer Science

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Exercise 17
Suppose that A, B, and C are sets such that A B and B C. Show
that A C
Answer:
Suppose that x A. Because A B, this implies that x B (Universal
Instantiation). Because B C, we see that x C. Because x A
implies that x C, it follows that A C (Universal Generalization).

C
B

A
x

Ali Moallemi, Iraj Hedayati

COMP232 - Mathematics for Computer Science

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Exercise 20
What is the cardinality of each of these sets?
a)
Answer: 0
b) {}
Answer: 1, it is
c) {, {}}
Answer: 2
1
2

{}

d) {, {}, {, {}}}
Answer: 3
1
2
3

{}
{, {}}

Ali Moallemi, Iraj Hedayati

COMP232 - Mathematics for Computer Science

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Exercise 22
Can you conclude that A = B if A and B are two sets with the same
power set?

Remarks
P (A): Power-set of A is the set of all subsets of A including and A.
p: P (A) = P (B)
q: A = B
pq
Answer: (Using contradiction) Suppose that A 6= B. Then without loss of
generality x (x A x 6 B) (1).
On the other hand, as x A then {x} P (A).Considering the fact that
P (A) = P (B),{x} should be in P (B).We know that if {x} P (B) then
x B which is a contradiction with (1)

Ali Moallemi, Iraj Hedayati

COMP232 - Mathematics for Computer Science

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Exercise 37
How many different elements does An have when A has m elements and n
is a positive integer?
Answer: mn
A has m members, then A2 should have m2 . We can conclude that An
has mn members

Ali Moallemi, Iraj Hedayati

COMP232 - Mathematics for Computer Science

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Exercise 45
Remarks
(a, b) and (c, d)
are ordered pairs
(a, b) = (c, d) (a = c b = d)
We define ordered pair (a, b) to be {{a}, {a, b}}
Answer:(From the book)
We must show that {{a}, {a, b}} = {{c}, {c, d}} if and only if a = c and
b = d. So assume these two sets are equal. First, consider the case when
a 6= b. Then {{a}, {a, b}} contains exactly two elements, one of which
contains one element. Thus, {{c}, {c, d}} must have the same property,
so c 6= d and {c} is the element containing exactly one element. Hence,
{a} = {c}, which implies that a = c. Also, the two-element sets {a, b}
and {c, d} must be equal. Because a = c and a 6= b, it follows that b = d.
Second, suppose that a = b. Then {{a}, {a, b}} = {{a}}, a set with one
element. Hence, {{c}, {c, d}} has only one element, which can happen
only when c = d, and the set is {{c}}. It then follows that a = c and
b = d.
Ali Moallemi, Iraj Hedayati

COMP232 - Mathematics for Computer Science

8/8