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Anatomy of the
Digestive System
salivary glands
teeth
liver
gall bladder
pancreas
mesenteries
The GI tract (digestive system) is located mainly in
abdominopelvic cavity
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
serosa:
tongue
lines ventral border of mouth cavity
is skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane
visceral peritoneum,
mainly fibrous and areolar CT
with some pockets of adipose CT
muscularis
submucosa
inner
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
mucosa:
Teeth
two sets
deciduous (=baby teeth)
(20)
begin at 6 months; shed 6-13 yrs
permanent teeth
(32)
imbedded in socket
uvula
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
Salivary Glands
periodontal disease
sublingual
submandibular
parotid
largest, below ears
mumps = acute infection of parotid gland
enamel
very hard
outer surface
on upper exposed crown only
resists bacterial attack
cannot regenerate if damaged
2. Pharynx (throat)
already discussed
dentin
3. Esophagus
below enamel
less hard, similar to bone matrix
decays quickly of enamel is penetrated
pulp
cementum
pierces diaphragm
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
4. Stomach
muscular sac just below diaphragm and liver
cardioesphageal sphincter
(=lower esophageal sphincter)
pyloric sphincter
pyloric
sphincter
fundus
body
greater curvature
pyloris
! secretes HCl
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
central portion
mostly in umbilical region
especially rich blood supply
most digestion and absorption occurs here
absorbs most nutrients, water & salts
5. Small Intestine
longest part of alimentary canal:
ileum
~5
mainly in hypogastric region
joins to caecum of large intestine
absorbs and reclaims bile salts and some additional
nutrients
~1mm tall
duodenum
~10 long
uppermost
drains pyloric stomach
receives ducts from gall bladder and pancreas
6. Large Intestine
jejunum
~4
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
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last 7-8
ends at anus
cecum
Intestinal Flora
colon
subdivided into:
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
12
in the future:
7. Serous Membranes
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Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
duodenum
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
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lesser omentum
A. Liver
C. Pancreas
Hepatic Artery
Hepatic Portal
Vein
Liver
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
Hepatic Vein
6-9 long
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Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
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Digestive Physiology
chewing
voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
swallowing
peristalsis
propulsive movements
sequential smooth muscle contractions in adjacent
segments
!pushes food forward
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
segmentation
mixing movements
alternating contractions and relaxations of adjoining
portions of intestine
food is moved backward and foreward
!helps to physically break up and mix contents
for better digestion & absorption
mass movements
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
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sphincters
18
2. Pharynx
bolus is swallowed
uvula closes off nares
epiglottis closes off glottis of larynx
Digestion
3. Esophagus
4. Stomach
muscular contractions separate and mix food
particles and move them toward the pylorus
chemical digestion
1. Mouth
food entering mouth is physically broken down
teeth
mixed with saliva
lubricant
enzyme = amylase
! begins carbohydrate digestion
at end of digestion in mouth, food = bolus
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
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5. Duodenum
a. Bile
b. Pancreatic Juices
pancreas is an endocrine gland (insulin,
glucagon)
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Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
Absorption
6. Large Intestine
! 75 ml wastes/d
some water
alcohol
a few drugs (eg. aspirin)
Small Intestine
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Jejunum
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Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
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Large Intestine
Ileum
= 0.33 m2 (3 sq ft)
Liver Processing
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
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Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
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Liver Lobule
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Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
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sinusoids
Hepatic Artery
removes toxins
Hepatic Portal
Vein
Hepatic Vein
oxygen
stores vitamins
stores nutrients
Hepatic Duct
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
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Digestive Problems
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Colonic Irrigation
alternative medical practice
potentially harmful
unneccessary
can rupture the intestine
1. Choking
2. Vomiting
mineral oil
can interfere with absorption of fat soluble vitamins
6. Belching
results from swallowed air
carbonated drinks and chewing gums can
contribute
occasionally can be a sign of a more serious
disorder: gall bladder pain, colonic distress
eat slowly, chew thoroughly
relax while eating
3. Bulemia
7. Hiccups
4. Diarrhea
8. Gas
5. Constipation
caused by:
lifestyle ! inadequate water input
lack of physical activity
side effect of medication
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
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Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
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12. Pica
eg. 9 year old girl routinely ate cloth an string was helped by
taking vitamin supplements
eg. soil eating is common in many traditional societies
! may be instinctive way to get trace minerals like Fe or Zn
pica is also common among people with cognitive or psychiatric
disorders such as autism and schizophrenia
Gall Stones
calculi can form in kidney, urinary bladder and
gall bladder
seed becomes surrounded by layers of crystalline
deposits
if large enough can block cystic duct or common
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Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
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Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4
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