Design Of Retaining Wall

* All dimensions are in m unless specified

0.75

3.00
Water Side

Earth Side

2.00
1.75

2.00
3.00

6.75
Condition 1 : No water inside power channel, Earth fill outside

Properties
Unit wt. of soil(e)
Angle of internal friction of soil()

=
=

22.00 KN/m3
30.00 degree

Unit wt. of concrete

25.00 KN/m3

Safe Bearing Capacity of soil(SBC)

2920.00 KN/m2

Unit wt. of water,w

Coefficient of friction,m
Factor of safety against overturning
Factor of safety against Sliding(For earthquake case)
Factor of safety against Sliding(For non earthquake case)
Loads
Selfweight
Load
Value(KN)
W1
132.00
W2
37.50
W3
56.25
W5
337.50
Earth pressure(Static & Dynamic)
(Ref. Clause 8.1 of IS:1893-1984)

=
=
=
=
=

10.00 KN/m3
0.58
1.40
1.20
1.40

h
v

=
=
=
=

Horizontal Seimic Coefficient.

Vertical seismic coefficient equal to h/2
Angle of internal friction of soil
tan-1[(h)/(1v)]

1 of 34

=
=

Angle which earth face of the wall makes with the vertical

Slope of earth fill

2 of 34

F
b

=
=

Angle of friction between the wall and earthfill

(wall friction angle,should be taken 2/3 of of IRC-78pp79)
factor which is a function of geometry
Thickness of wall

(1 v) * cos2 ( - - )

=
Ca

cos * cos2 * cos( + + )

1 +

1.00
sin ( + ) sin ( - - )
cos ( - ) cos ( + + )

1 +

1.00
sin ( + ) sin ( - - )
cos ( - ) cos ( + )

Putting h = 0, v = 0 and =0
=

(1 ) * cos2 ( -)
1 * cos2 * cos( + )

Ca'

Natural period of vibration ,T = F x h2/b

F
=
T
=
Sa/g
=
h
=

=
v = 2h/3 =

=tan 1

=
=
=

h
=
1 v

0.00
0.03
2.50
0.20
30.00 degrees
0.13
10.01 or

(Ref. Note below clause 5.3.2 of IS 12720:1993)

(Ref. Note below clause 5.3.2 of IS 12720:1993)
( Ref. fig. 5 of earthquake report for 0.2 sec natural period)
( Ref. clause 5.4.3 of earthquake report)

12.99 degrees

18.43 degrees
20.00 degrees
0.00 degrees

Calculation of Active Coefficients

TOTAL

(1 + v) * cos2 ( - - )

1.13

(1 - v) * cos2 ( - - )

0.87

cos * cos2 * cos( + + )

0.55

sin ( + ) sin ( - - )

0.22

cos ( - ) cos ( + + )

0.59

0.79

0.46

0.33

(1 v) * cos2 ( - - )

Total Ca
Castatic
Coefficient for dynamic earth pressure increment,Ca dynamic = Ca - Ca'
Maximum static earth pressure =

(1/2)*e*h*Castatic

15.22 KN/m2

Dynamic earth pressure

(1/2)*e*h*Cadynamic

10.89 KN/m2

Load due to static earth pressure(Sepr) =

15.22*3.00

45.67 KN

Load due to dynamic earth pressure(Depr) =

10.89*3.00

acting at a distance 1/3 of height from bottom

=
32.67 KN

acting at a distance 1/2 of height from bottom

3 of 34

Vehicle surcharge
Equivalent to soil surcharge of height,h e

Pressure due to vehicle surcharge,Pvs =

castatic*e*he

Load due to vehicle surcharge(Wv) =

Pvs * h

6.00 m
60.89 KN/m2
182.68 KN

acting at a distance 1/2 of height from bottom

Lateral Inertia seimic load
Load
SLW2
SLW3
SLW5

Cooresponding weight(KN)
37.50
56.25
337.50

Seimic Load value (KN)

7.50
11.25
67.50

Cooresponding weight(KN)
37.50
56.25
337.50

Seimic Load value (KN)

-5.00
-7.50
-45.00

Vertical Inertia seimic load

Load
SVW2
SVW3
SVW5
Stability against Overturning
a) Without earthquake case
Resultant of vertical forces

Load
W1
W2
W3
W5
Total Wt.

Moment about
Value(KN)
CG from B(m) B(KNm)
132.00
5.75
759.00
37.50
4.08
153.13
56.25
3.38
189.84
337.50
3.38
1139.06
563.25
2241.03

CG of resultant from B

3.98 m

Overturning Moment due to static earth pressure + Vehicle surcharge,Mo

Resisting Moment,Mr
FOS = 0.9*Mr/Mo

=
=
=

776.39 KNm
2241.03 KNm
2.60
>1.4 OK

=
=
=

1020.11 KNm
2043.43 KNm
1.80
>1.4 OK

b) With earthquake case

Load
SLW2
SLW3
SLW5
SVW2
SVW3
SVW5
Depr
Total Wt.

Value(KN)
7.50
11.25
67.50
-5.00
-7.50
-45.00
32.67
-24.83

CG from B(m)
3.00
3.50
1.00
4.08
3.38
3.38
3.50

Moment about
B(KNm)
22.50
39.38
67.50
-20.42
-25.31
-151.88
114.35
-83.26

Overturning moment due to Lateral seimic loads,earth pressure and vehicle

surcharge,Mo
Resisting moment,Mr
FOS = 0.9Mr/Mo
Stability against Sliding
a) Without earthquake case

4 of 34

Sliding Force,Fs
Resisiting Force = mR

=
=

45.67 KN
325.19 KN

5 of 34

FOS = 0.9*R/Fs

6.41
>1.4 OK

b) With earthquake case

Sliding Force,Fs
Resisiting Force = mR
FOS = 0.9*R/Fs

=
=
=

164.59 KN
291.99 KN
1.60
>1.2 OK

Base Pressure Calculation

Mv = moment due to vertical forces
Mh = moment due to horizontal forces
R = Vertical Reaction
e = Eccentrcity of resultant force from centre of foorting
Pressure, P = ((R/L) x (1 +- 6e/L))
a) Without earthquake case
Distance of resultant from B, Lr =(Mv - Mh)/R
(2241.03- (45.67 X (3.00/3 + 2.00) + 182.68 X (3.00 /2 + 2.00) ) ) / 563.25

e = Lr - L/2

-0.77 m

Pressure at A

25.99 KN/m2

Pressure at B

140.90 KN/m2

2.60 m

STEM
Sepr =

45.67
h/3

HEEL

TOE

C
A

B
89.83

25.99

60.04

140.90

b) With earthquake case

Distance of resultant from B, Lr =(Mv - Mh)/R

3.29 m

e = Lr - L/2

-0.09 m

Pressure at A

69.10 KN/m2

Pressure at B

80.75 KN/m2

Depr + Wv

Sepr =

STEM

215.35
45.67

h/2
h/3
A

D
HEEL

TOE

75.57
69.10

72.55

80.75

6 of 34

7 of 34

Design of shear key

h1

b=
3 x TAN()
Cp = (1+sin())/(1-sin())

P0 =

###

=
=
=
=

2.00 m
30.00 degree
1.73 m
3.00

1
1
Cp ( h1+ a+b )2 e Cph 12
2 e
2

Equilibrium of forces using FOS of 1.2

1.2(Sliding force) = 0.9(P0 + mR0)
R0 =
(( 69.10 + 75.57 ) / 2) x 2.00
=
P0
=
135.92 KN
a
=
0.36 m

3.00

h1
a

P0

Provide, 36 cm x 175 cm square shear key

The steel of vertical wall should be embedded in shear key

Design
a) Bending Moment and Shear stress Calculations
* -ve load indicates downward load
* Deductions are due to selfweight and soil weight
* Lever arm distance is the distance of CG of load to the point about which moment is considered
* Shear stress calculated at a distance d from face of concrete

Component
Heel Slab
Toe slab
Stem

Load due to earth

bottom
pressure(KN)
141.66
234.48

Load
Point about
Deduction(KN
which mom. Is Lever arm
)
Net Load(KN)
taken
distance(m)
232.00
-90.34
About C
0.99
150.00
84.48
About D
1.52

Depr + Wv
Sepr

215.35
45.67

About C
About C
Total for stem

1.50
1.00

b) Permissible stresses
Material

Permissible
stresses

Grade

Remarks

N/mm2
In compression (bending Ref.

Concrete

25.00

8.50 Table21 IS456)

Concrete

25.00

6.00 Table21 IS456)

In compression(direct Ref.

Away from Liquid retaining

Steel

415.00

190.00 face(Table2 IS3370(part2))

Steel

415.00

150.00 face(Table2 IS3370(part2))

near to Liquid retaining

c) Material Properties

cb
st

=
=
=
=
=

Modular ratio = 280/3cb

N = 1 / (1+ st/mcb)
j = 1- N/3
d) Heel slab Design
Max. Bending Moment
Overall Depth required,D =
Depth Provided

sqrt(6.M/cb.b) =

=
=
=

8.50 N/mm2
190.00 N/mm2
10.98
0.38
0.87

89.61 kN-m
251.50 mm
2000.00 mm

8 of 34

Dia. Of rebar
Clear Cover
Effective depth,d

=
=
=

Ast req =
Provide

282.09 mm2 per mr

=
=
=
=

283.19 mm2 per mr

0.01
0.00 N/mm2
0.20 N/mm2

M/(st.j.d)
16 mm dia @

16.00 mm
75.00 mm
1917.00 mm

710 mm c/c Top steel

Ast prov =
100Ast/bd =
Shear stress at a distance d
Permissible shear stress

OK
e) Toe slab Design
Max. Bending Moment
Overall Depth required,D =
Depth Provided
Dia. Of rebar
Clear Cover
Effective depth,d
Ast req =
Provide

sqrt(6.M/cb.b) =

M/(st.j.d)
32 mm dia @

=
=
=
=
=
=

128.12 kN-m

300.73
2000.00
32.00
75.00
1909.00

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm

405.01 mm2 per mr

=
=
=
=

405.16 mm2 per mr

0.02
0.02 N/mm2
0.32 N/mm2

1985 mm c/c

Ast prov =
100Ast/bd =
Shear stress at a distance d
Permissible shear stress

OK
f) Stem Design
Max. Bending Moment
Overall Depth required,D =
Depth Provided
Dia. Of rebar
Clear Cover
Effective depth,d
Ast req =
Provide

sqrt(6.M/cb.b) =

M/(st.j.d)

Ast prov =
100Ast/bd =
Shear stress at a distance d
Permissible shear stress

32 mm dia @

=
=
=
=
=
=

510.15
1750.00
32.00
75.00
1659.00

368.69 kN-m

1341.15 mm2 per mr

=
=
=
=

1351.68 mm2 per mr

0.08
0.07 N/mm2
0.27 N/mm2
OK

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm

595 mm c/c

9 of 34

10 of 34

11 of 34

2.00

sin ( + ) sin ( - - )1/2

cos ( - ) cos ( + + )

2.00

sin ( + ) sin ( - - )1/2

cos ( - ) cos ( + )

0.2 sec natural period)

STATIC
0.96
0.96

0.70
0.38

0.74

nce 1/3 of height from bottom

nce 1/2 of height from bottom

12 of 34

nce 1/2 of height from bottom

Load value (KN)

7.50
11.25
67.50

Load value (KN)

-5.00
-7.50
-45.00

13 of 34

14 of 34

Towards B from centre of footing

<SBC,OK
<SBC,OK

Towards B from centre of footing

<SBC,OK
<SBC,OK

15 of 34

16 of 34

144.68 KN
(Use goal seek)

square shear key

mbedded in shear key

Shear
Moment( Stress(N/
KNm)
mm2)
89.61
0.00
128.12
0.02

Lever arm
distance(m)
0.99
1.52
1.50
1.00
=

323.02
45.67
368.69

0.07

17 of 34

mm2 per mr
mm2 per mr

(Table 23, IS:456-2000)

mm2 per mr
mm2 per mr

(Table 23, IS:456-2000)

mm2 per mr
mm2 per mr

(Table 23, IS:456-2000)

18 of 34

Design Of Retaining Wall

* All dimensions are in m unless specified
0.30

3.00
Water Side

Earth Side

3.50
2.00

2.00
6.00

11.50
Condition 2 : Water inside power channel, No Earth outside

Properties
Unit wt. of soil(e)
Angle of internal friction of soil()

=
=

Unit wt. of concrete

25.00 KN/m3

Safe Bearing Capacity of soil(SBC)

Unit wt. of water,w

550.00 KN/m2

=
=
=
=
=

9.80 KN/m3
0.73
1.40
1.20
1.40

Coefficient of friction,m
Factor of safety against overturning
Factor of safety against Sliding(For earthquake case)
Factor of safety against Sliding(For non earthquake case)
Loads
Selfweight
Load
Value(KN)
W2
63.75
W3
22.50
W4
176.40
W5
575.00
Water pressure(Static & Dynamic)
(Ref. Clause 7.2 of IS:1893-1984 for Hydrodynamic pressure)
h
=
Horizontal Seimic Coefficient.
v
Vertical seismic coefficient equal to 2h/3
=
Natural period of vibration ,T = F x h 2/b
F
=
T
=
Sa/g
=
h
=

0.00
0.03
2.50
0.20

21.00 KN/m3
36.00 degree

(Ref. Note below clause 5.3.2 of IS 12720:1993)

(Ref. Note below clause 5.3.2 of IS 12720:1993)
( Ref. fig. 5 of earthquake report for 0.2 sec natural period)
( Ref. clause 5.4.3 of earthquake report)

19 of 34

The Hydrodynamic Pressure

p=C S h wh
The Coefficient varies with shape and depth

( (

Cm y
y
C S=
2
+
2 h
h
w=
h=
Cm =

9.80 KN/m3
3.00 m

y
y
2
h
h

))

0.75 for vertical face of wall

h =

0.20

v =

0.13

Element
Height
3.00

Cm Coefficient Calculated from Fig:10

of IS:1893-1984
y Depth of water from surface

Depth from
surface, y
3.00

Cs

p(KN/m2)

0.75

4.41
w*h

Maximum static Water pressure =

Hydrodynamic pressure at base
Load due to static water pressure(Swpr) =

0.5 x29.40 x 3.00

Load due to Hydrodynamic pressure(Dwpr) =

2/3 x 4.41 x 3.00

29.40 KN/m2

4.41 KN/m2

44.10 KN

acting at a distance 1/3 of height from bottom

=

8.82 KN

acting at a distance 0.4h of height from bottom

Lateral Inertia seimic load
Load
SLW2
SLW3
SLW5

Cooresponding weight(KN)
63.75
22.50
575.00

Seimic Load value (KN)

12.75
4.50
115.00

Cooresponding weight(KN)
63.75
22.50
575.00

Seimic Load value (KN)

-8.50
-3.00
-76.67

Vertical Inertia seimic load

Load
SVW2
SVW3
SVW5
Stability against Overturning
a) Without earthquake case
Resultant of vertical forces

Load
W2
W3
W4
W5
Total Wt.

Value(KN)
63.75
22.50
176.40
575.00
837.65

Moment about
CG from A(m) A(KNm)
4.63
295.38
5.35
120.38
8.50
1499.40
5.75
3306.25
5221.40

CG of resultant from A

Overturning Moment due to static water pressure

Resisting Moment
FOS

=
=
=

6.23 m
132.30 KNm
5221.40 KNm
39.47
>1.4 OK

20 of 34

b) With earthquake case

Load
SLW2
SLW3
SLW5
SVW2
SVW3
SVW5
Dwpr

Value(KN)
12.75
4.50
115.00
-8.50
-3.00
-76.67
8.82

CG from A(m)
3.00
3.50
1.00
4.63
5.35
5.75
3.20

Moment about
A(KNm)
38.25
15.75
115.00
-39.38
-16.05
-440.83
28.22

Overturning moment due to Lateral seimic loads and water pressure

Resisting moment
FOS

=
=
=

329.52 KNm
4725.13 KNm
14.34
>1.4 OK

Sliding Force,Fs
Resisiting Force = mR
FOS = 0.9*R/Fs

=
=
=

44.10 KN
608.59 KN
12.42
>1.4 OK

Sliding Force,Fs
Resisiting Force = mR
FOS = 0.9*R/Fs

=
=
=

185.17 KN
544.53 KN
2.65
>1.2 OK

Stability against Sliding

a) Without earthquake case

b) With earthquake case

Base Pressure Calculation

Mv = moment due to vertical forces
Mh = moment due to horizontal forces
R = Vertical Reaction
e = Eccentrcity of resultant force from centre of foorting
Pressure, P = ((R/L) x (1 +- 6e/L))
a) Without earthquake case
Distance of resultant from A, Lr =(Mv - Mh)/R
Lr

6.08 m

e = Lr - L/2

Pressure at B

85.21 KN/m2

<SBC,OK

Pressure at A

60.47 KN/m2

<SBC,OK

Swpr =

44.10

0.33 m

Towards B from centre of f

STEM

HEEL

D
TOE

h/3
B

72.30
60.47

68.00

85.21

21 of 34

b) With earthquake case

Distance of resultant from A, Lr =(Mv - Mh)/R
Lr

e = Lr - L/2

Pressure at B

69.08 KN/m2

<SBC,OK

Pressure at A

61.27 KN/m2

<SBC,OK

5.86 m
0.11 m

Towards B from centre of f

STEM
Dwpr=

8.82
44.10

Swpr =
0.4h h/3
HEEL

C
A

61.27

D
65.00

63.64

TOE

69.08

Design of shear key

h1

b=
3.5 x TAN()
Cp = (1+sin())/(1-sin())

P0 =

3.50

P0

6.00

=
=
=
=

2.00 m
30.00 degree
2.02 m
3.00

1
1
Cp ( h1+ a+b )2 e Cph 12
2 e
2

Equilibrium of forces using FOS of 1.2

1.2(Sliding force) = 0.9(P0 + mR0)
R0 =
(( 63.64 + 69.08 ) / 2) x 6.00
p0
h1
=
=

=
17.01 KN
1.68 m

398.17

(Use goal seek)

Provide, 169 cm x 200 cm square shear key

The steel of vertical wall should be embedded in shear key

Design
a) Bending Moment and Shear stress Calculations
* -ve load indicates downward load
* Deductions are due to selfweight and weight of water
* Lever arm distance is the distance of CG of load to the point about which moment is considered
* Shear stress calculated at a distance d from face of concrete

Component
Heel Slab
Toe slab
Stem

Load due to earth Load

Point about
bottom
Deduction(KN
which mom. Is
Net Load(KN)
pressure(KN)
)
taken
218.59
175.00
43.59
About C
402.24
476.40
-74.16
About D
Dwpr
Swpr

8.82
44.10

Lever arm
distance(m)
1.74
3.03

About C
About C
Total for stem

1.20
1.00
=

22 of 34

b) Permissible stresses
Material

Permissible
stresses
N/mm2

Grade

Remarks
In compression (bending Ref.

Concrete

25.00

8.50 Table21 IS456)

Concrete

25.00

6.00 Table21 IS456)

In compression(direct Ref.

Away from Liquid retaining

Steel

415.00

190.00 face(Table2 IS3370(part2))

Steel

415.00

150.00 face(Table2 IS3370(part2))

near to Liquid retaining

c) Material Properties

cb
st
Modular ratio = 280/3cb
N = 1 / (1+ st/mcb)
j = 1- N/3

=
=
=
=
=

8.50 N/mm2
150.00 N/mm2
10.98
0.38
0.87

23 of 34

d) Heel slab Design

Max. Bending Moment
Overall Depth required,D =
Depth Provided
Dia. Of rebar
Clear Cover
Effective depth,d
Ast req =
Provide

=
=
=
=
=
=

sqrt(6.M/cb.b) =

M/(st.j.d)
32 mm dia @

75.81 kN-m

231.32
2000.00
32.00
75.00
1909.00

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm

303.55 mm2 per mr

=
=
=
=

304.06 mm2 per mr

0.02
0.01 N/mm2
0.26 N/mm2
(Table 23, IS:456-2000)

2645 mm c/c bottom steel

Ast prov =
100Ast/bd =
Shear stress at a distance d
Permissible shear stress

OK
e) Toe slab Design
Max. Bending Moment
Overall Depth required,D =
Depth Provided
Dia. Of rebar
Clear Cover
Effective depth,d
Ast req =
Provide

=
=
=
=
=
=

sqrt(6.M/cb.b) =

M/(st.j.d)
32 mm dia @

224.73 kN-m

398.29
2000.00
32.00
75.00
1909.00

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm

899.86 mm2 per mr

=
=
=
=

903.65 mm2 per mr

0.05
0.03 N/mm2
0.25 N/mm2
(Table 23, IS:456-2000)

890 mm c/c

Ast prov =
100Ast/bd =
Shear stress at a distance d
Permissible shear stress

OK
f) Stem Design
Max. Bending Moment
Overall Depth required,D =
Depth Provided
Dia. Of rebar
Clear Cover
Effective depth,d
Ast req =
Provide

=
=
=
=
=
=

sqrt(6.M/cb.b) =

M/(st.j.d)
40 mm dia @

54.68 kN-m

196.47
2000.00
40.00
75.00
1905.00

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm

219.42 mm2 per mr

=
=
=
=

219.50 mm2 per mr

0.01
0.01 N/mm2
0.27 N/mm2
(Table 23, IS:456-2000)

5725 mm c/c

Ast prov =
100Ast/bd =
Shear stress at a distance d
Permissible shear stress

OK
Check For Crack width in STEM
( Ref. Pillai andn Menon: Page-369)

Permissible Bening Compressive Stress in Concrete

8.50

N/sq.mm.

for M25 grade

(Ref: IS 456:2000, table 21, page 81)

Since we are considering stresses due to Earthquake , the stresses specified above has been exceeded upto a limit of 33.333 percent.
(Ref: IS 456:2000, Section B-2.3, page 80)
=>

2000.00 mm

10.98

1000.00 mm

1905.00 mm

Ast

219.50 sq.mm

Asc

1351.68 sq.mm

d'

91.00 mm.

Clear Cover

75.00 mm

Spacing

5725.00 mm

0.01

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p'

0.07

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Taking moments of areas of the cracked-transformed section about NA

k=[m2 (p+1.5p)2+2m(p+1.5p'd'/d)0.5-m(p+1.5p')]

0.13

=>

kd

255.02

Es

200000.00

fst

m * M(d-kd) / Icr

Icr

fst

N/mm^2

Tensile Stress in Steel Under Service Load

Moment due to service Load

=>

54.68 KN.m
1.25E+10 mm4
79.56 Mpa.
Which is less than st = 230 Mpa

Crck width Calculation

m

(1/Es) * [(D-kd)/(d-kd)]*[ fst - {bt (D-kd)/(3*Ast)}]

=>

-0.01

Cmin.

75.00 mm

acr

2863.48 mm

wcr

(3*acr*m) / [1+{2*(acr-cmin) / (D-kd)}]

-27.83 mm.

As per IS 456:2000 Clause No. 35.3.2 Permissible Limit for cracking is 0.2 mm.

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27 of 34

ght from bottom

ight from bottom

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Towards B from centre of footing

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Towards B from centre of footing

KN
(Use goal seek)

Shear
Moment( Stress(N/
KNm)
mm2)
75.81
0.01
224.73
0.03
10.58
44.10
54.68

0.01

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31 of 34

(Table 23, IS:456-2000)

(Table 23, IS:456-2000)

(Table 23, IS:456-2000)

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33 of 34

- {bt (D-kd)/(3*Ast)}]

34 of 34