Line imperfections or Linear defects

1. Point imperfections
2. Line imperfections
3. Surface imperfections
4. Volume imperfections

Edge dislocations
1. Edge dislocations
2. Screw dislocations
Edge dislocations: extra portion
of a plane of atoms, or halfplane, the edge of which
terminates within the crystal

T
Dislocation line

Edge dislocations
Lattice distortion around dislocation

Burgers Vector

Compressive stress

Tensile stress
Far away no significant distortion
virtually perfect

The magnitude and direction of the lattice distortion

associated with a dislocation is expressed in terms of
a Burgers vector, denoted by a b.

Screw dislocations
dislocation line

Spiral or helical path around the dislocation line by the atomic planes of atoms

Screw dislocations

Black dots: lower-half plane

Open circle: upper-half plane

Burgers vector: Screw dislocations

For screw dislocation, dislocation line parallel to the Burgers vector

For edge dislocation, dislocation line parallel to the Burgers vector

Mixed dislocations
Most dislocations found in crystalline materials are probably neither pure edge nor pure screw

Dislocation line changes direction within a crystal

The Burgers vector will be the same at all points along its line.
For metallic materials, the Burgers vector for a dislocation will point in a close-packed
crystallographic direction and will be of magnitude equal to the interatomic spacing.

Micrograph dislocations

transmission electron micrograph of a titanium alloy in which the dark lines

are dislocations. 51,450 X.

Surface Defects
External Surfaces, Grain Boundaries, Phase Boundaries, Twin Boundaries etc
External Surfaces

Grain Boundaries

High angle typically 15 degree or more

Surface Defects
Tilt boundary and twist boundary

Twin Boundaries
across boundary mirror lattice symmetry

Phase Boundaries
Phase boundaries exist in multiphase materials

Volume Defects
These include pores, cracks, foreign inclusions, and other phases
other phases
cracks

pores

pores