UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER =I| Contents| Part-I Aim Theory Description Experimental Procedure Specification Formulee. Observation & Calculation Nomenclature Part-II ‘Sample Calculation UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNITDepartment of Chemical Engineering, IT Guwah; Au; ‘To study unsteady state heat transfer by the lumped capacitance In many situations where steady state is not prevalent, analysis becomes much more difficult. {1 is in these situations where unsteady heat flaw causes temperature and other variables to change with time, However, in some unsteady situations, for which a certain criterion is met, the use of the lumped capacitance theory greatly simplifies the analysis, The criterion is based on the assumption that temperature gradients within a solid are negligible compared to the temperature gradicnts between the solid and fluid, To verity whether this assumption is trac oF not depends on the value of Biot number (Bi), ‘To understand the lumped heat capecity theory we consider a hot metal block that is submerged in water. The basic concept of this theory is that the temperature within the solid block is assumed 10 be spatially uniform at any instant throughout the unsteady heating process, This implies that the temperature gradient within the solid is negligible compared to the gradient across the solid-fluid interface. Heat transfer process that is dependent on time is termed as transient heat ansfer or unsteady state heat transfer. Such processes are analyzed by solving general heat conduction equation using some simplified assumption like considering only one directional heat transfer only. oo Bt Assuming a system with negligible internal resistance i.e, @ system that has infinite Lar oo Ot thermal conductivity (Ideal Case), This assumption is justified when external thermal resistance between the surface of the system and surrounding medium is very large as compared to the internal thermal resistance e.g, consider 2 metallic surface at temperature T, (a1t=0) being suddenly placed in a bath of water where temperature is maintained at T(t > 0), then the energy balance for the metallic body over a small time interval, dt, i pV Cratidt = ha(T. -7) creel UN STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNIT Part IlDepartment of Chemical Engineering, 1 Guwahati Eq-I_ can be written as; aT _ ha ae T,-T aC,v Integration yields: ha in(TeT)=- t+ Applying boundary condition 1 t =0, T=7, C= In (Te-T) So, fiom Eqn. 3 we have att=0, T=T, 120 (Fig-1) CV OM GE —(4) Thermal capacitance of the system is given by: Go= Cepv ‘Thermal resistance is given by: R= VhA ‘The following dimensionless numbers are defined as: Biot number, Bj Fouriernumber, F, = ) ‘Where, s = characteristic dimension for a cylinder, the characteristic dimension is generally taken ass=R, Interms of these two dimensional groups, Bq -4can be written as: Tet games T-7, (When Bi <0.1, the bouy is ken to have negligible intemal thermal resistence) UN STEADY STATE HEAT PRANSFER UNIT — Part IDepartment of Chemical Engineering. 1'Y Guwahati Instantaneous heat flow rate to solid cylinder is given by: Q=pCrv (aTiaty Oi Ae mC MMGy = HACE TI EM and total heat gained during time ty is Cop V (Te-T) [1-4 Py" Crp Y (Te -T) -e 7") —. (7) For B\>0.1, ‘The temperature distribution isa funetion of both time and location and transient temperature charts are used for their solution. Descrrrioy: ‘Water bath is used for heating the test picce and @ programmable temperature controller controls heater input. In this experiment heat i allowed to flow through the surfiee, The change in tempersior is indicated on digital temperature indicator and we note itas itrises with respect to time. Exrerimental PRoceure: ~The water bath is filled with water up to the desited level, ‘The desired bath temperature is set with the help of DTC (,) The heater is switched on and mixer is started. The bath is allowed to reach the desired temperature as set, The initial temperature T; for the cylinder is noted. The brass cylinder is dipped into the hot water bath and start noting the data for “emperature Vs time ie, we take readings of temperature at the vente of the cylinder at intervals of time equal to 10 seconds, ‘The above steps are repeated for another temperature of the water bath and corresponding teadings noted, + The above steps are repeated for SS cylinder and comparative results drswn, ADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNIT Part IlSpeciesrion: Constant Temperature Water Bath: Stainless Steel Capacity-8 lit. (approx) Stitter for Bath Slainless Steel Impeller with shaft coupled to a FHP motor. Heater Nichrome wire 1 K.W, ‘Test Cylinder Material: S.S./Brass, Control Panel comprises of Digital Temperature Controller 9.200%, (For Water Bath) Digital Temperature Indicator 0.200°C, ‘Temperature Sensors RTD PT-100 type Formutae: 1. The energy balance for the metallic body over a small time interval, dt, is : ETL gaapent TT, ‘Thermal capacitance of the system is given by : CG = Cppyv ‘Thermal resistance is given by: Ro = Wha Defining the following dimensionless numbers as: Biotnumber, By = 2a (for a cylinder) Fourier number, Fy = (for a eylinder) a Ry In terms of these two dimensional groups, ‘The energy balance ean be writien as:- (When Bi <0.1, the body has negligible internal thermal resistance) 6. Instantancous heat flow rate to solid eylinder is iven by: UN STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNITDepartment of Chemical f ing, HT Guwahati Q@ = pery (ariary OF = nA GT. -T et, and total heat gained during time ty is, WA (Py -T)) et Q Cop V (Ta -Ty [1- MPC) Q Crp V (ToT) [1-7] Onservarioy & CaLcunston: ‘The physical dimension of the est piece are recorded. (S.S or Brass) R, = Radius of eylinder, m L. = length of eylinder, m Material of construction of cylinder ~ Physical Properties P (density) Ce (sp. heat) (thermal conductivity) (use Perry's Hand book) kgm) kg? K Wim-C « K! (p Cy) mise. For brass: For SS: ° 8522 ke/ mé P = 7817 kgm? Cp 385 Tkg °K c 461 Ske °K k 110.7 Wim °K k 163 WimeK We record injtial temperature of the cylinder (1j) and then immerse the test pieve in the Sonstant temperature bath and position it properly. Starting the stopwatch, we record the ‘emperature of the test piece (at its center) with time. ‘The we tepeat these steps for cylinders of different material and verify whether Lumped Parameter system model is applicable or not. Time (t) sec UN STEADY SUATE HEAT TRANSFER UNIT Part ttDepartment of Chemical Engineering, 11 Guwahati Caer estions “The Gata in tabulated in the following form: S.No. Time (t) T-T sec T.-T, a = x eC, t = Time in see, 1 Plot oe WS Fs ona semiciog eraph paper NN t 2. Based on physical dimensions ofthe test love we may calculate the following: Volume of the test piece (V) = TROL Area of the test piece (A) = one, Plot Et Ys time (0) on a semilog graph paper, ‘We then draw the best straight tine through the experimental points including the data only up to the time when steady state just starts ‘The slope is measured from the graph, aA Slope = ox i s ~ PRY stope (W/m) Calculate Bi No, Bo- MM K 1FBi<0.1, the body has negligible interval thermal resistance, IF itis not, then we use Heisler Chart to estimate Bi No. and then superimpose the plot (Tis) /(T. TT) Vs Fy on the Heisler Chart and determine the ‘matching Bi. From Bi the heat transfer coefficient is calculated, UN PADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNET— Part fh 6Department of Chi neering, IT Guwahatt 3. Using following equation, we calculatz Q; for each value of F, and plot Qi Vs Fo on a ssemi-log graph " Q BAT oT) AB 3) S.No. NOMENCLATURE: . UN ST = Density of material = Radius of cylinder. m = length of cylinder, m = Bath Temperature = Test Piece Temperature at any time, 1 = Initial Temperature of Test Piece = Volume of the test piece = Area of the test piece = Biot number = Fourier number = Thermal capacitance = ‘Thermal resistance = specific heat = thermal conductivity DY STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNIT Part IL 7Department of Chemical Engineering, IMT Guwahat, Unsreapy State Heat TRANSFER UNIT SAMPLE CALCULATIONS: Davy Sample material Radius of Cylinder (Ro) Length of Cylinder (L) Density of Cylinder (p) Specific Heat of Cylinder (Cr) ‘Thermal Conductivity of Cylinder (k) ‘Thermal Diffusivity of Cylinder (ct) In Bath Temperature (Ts) Volume of the test piece (V) Area of the test piece (A) k eC, Where, ‘Volume of the test piece (V) ‘Area of the test piece (A) Onsenvanioy Tanct For Brass. No. Time, (see) 1 10 2 20 3 30 4 40 3 50 6 60 UN STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNUT ial Temperature of the Cylinder (1) 32 40 46 30. 3 35 Brass solid cylinder 0.01901m 014m 8522 kgim? 385 Ukg-K 110.7 Wim -K 0.000337 msec 24C 60° 0,0001589 m? 0.01672 m* aRIL 2aR,L Temp. ,T (°C) Part I SS solid cylinder 0.01905m 0.1406 m 7817, kvm’ 461 kg -K 163° Wim-K 0.00000452 m*/see 23°C 60°C 0.0001603 m? 0.0168 m*12 13 Cun 130 (Compute the data in the following form. (Ta TW Te TO S.No. 1 6 1 Time . 1 (see) 10 20 30 40 50 60 10 80 90. 100 110 120 130 TT Plot 1.-T 0.78 0.56 0.39 0.28 0.19 O14 oad 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 Fo 187 3.23 5.60, 1.47 9.33 11.20 13.07 14.93 16.80 18.67 20.54 22.40 24.27 ys time (t) on a semi-log graph paper. (Graph -1) 2. Plot Tvs oe ona semi-log graph paper. (Graph -2) From these grapes you will observe that the steady state starts just after time, 100 See. For the determination of slope include only the data upto this time so that data can be fitted to an ‘equation of exponential form or if plotted on a semi log graph then include only the straight line portion of the graph and find its slope. Measure the slope from the graph (Graph -1) UN STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSEER UNIT Part ISlope hoo = Bi. No = a. eCev Cr Department = -0,0346 — PE” x Slope (W/m? K)= fx Slope bR, 2k of Chemi Engineerin 1079.47 Wim? K 0.0925. (which is < 0.1) (Hence « lumped parameter system mode! is valid) comparable From B From graph? you can find the slo From Graph -2 Slope = 2B, = B= R WIk= ya 08 -2Bi 0.173 0.0865 Bi 6Sx110-7A2 _ 0.0191 1007.42 watt /m* K ‘Average heat transfer co ~ efficient po 1OT9AT481007-42 Yavg Q@ = 5. No. zi 143,448 watt m2 K Using equation calculate Qi for each F,, WA(Ta-T)e 7° Fo a 187 345.4135 37 174.6647 5.60 86.55601 747 43,76865 9.33 21.68978 11.20 10.96784 13.07 6.211622 14.94 4.298073 16.80 2.334824 18.67 1.101937 10 UN STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNIT i, No. calculate the heat transfer coefficient (h) Part I IT Guwahati pe that is = 2 x Bi; and obtain Bi No. Both Bi, Nos. are2 iu 20.54 0.780101 2 22.40 0.552262 B 24.27 0.390966 For SS S.No. Time, t(sec) Temp. (°C) 1 10 2 2 20 33 3 30 29) 4 40 44 5 50 47 6 60) 50. 7 70 52 8 80 sf 9 90 54 10 100 55 uN 110 36 2 120 37 13 130 37 4 140 37 15 150 58 16 160 58 7 170 38 Carern anions Compute the data in the following form, 1 10 0.89 2 20 073 3 30. 5 4 40 0.43 3S 50 0.35 UN STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNIT Part I Depart io. Time (see) (T2-T)(T2-T). ent of Chemical En Fo 0.498 0,996 1.495 1.993 2.491 ngineering. ITE GuwahatiDepartment of Chemical Engineering, IT Guwa 6 60 027 2.989 “4 0 022 3.487 8 80, 0.16 3.980 9 90 0.16 4.484 i) 100 0.13 4.982 ul 110 oll 5.480 2 120 0.08 5.978 13 130 0.08 6477 4 140 6.08 6.975 \ 15 150 0.05 7A73 16 160 0.05 7971 7 170 0.05 8.409 vs time (1) on a semi-log graph paper. (Graph-1) From these grapes you will observe that the sleady state starts just after time, 100 See, For the determination of slope include only the data upto this time so that data can be fitted to an equation of exponential form ox if plotted on a semi log graph thea inclade only the straight line portion of the graph and find its slope: Measure the slope from the graph (Graph-1) ha SI = = = 0.0243 ope per h 7 = x Slope (W/m? K)= 835.548 Wim K hi Bi. No = “ 0.4877. (whichis < 0.1) jot No. is > 0.1 then using Heisler Chart to estimate Bi No. Superimpose the plot = ys Fy on the Heisler Chart and determine the matching Bi B 0.4165 We see that both values of Bi No are comparable. Using the value of Bi, No. we calculate the heat transfer coefficient (h) B, 0.4166 Rb2k= By UN STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNIT ~ Part IL 2al Engineering. HT Guova Depariment of Chem 0.4166x16.3x2 0.01908 ho = 712.92 Win? K Average heat transfer co ~ efficient 835.548 471.92 have 7 Dove 774.235 Wii? K Using equation calculate Q; for each Fy ° Q = baa Tye S.No. FE, Qa \ 1 0.498 264.08 2 0.996 132.88 ; 3 1.495 6357 4 1.993 2979 5 2.491 1489 6 2.989 7.04 a 3.487 347 8 3.986 1.60 9 4.484 0.98 10 4.982 050 ul 5.480 025 2 5.978 oul 3 6477 0.07 14 6975 0.04 18 TAT3 0.02 16 7971 0.01 7 8.469 0.01 UN STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNIT = Part IL B— Department of Chemical Engineering, 11T Guwahati | GRAPH 1 | ist : " ' | 0 60 80 100 2 | = 1.165400 | § S 0.1 2 Toe |i . | 2 aRass 61 4 = ‘ L Timet | GRAPH 2 —o—BRASS sos4eor 2 | Dimensionless No. ° UN STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNUT~ Part I 4Department of Chemical Engineering, IF Guysabati GRAPH 3 —+- BRASS $8 | 3 30 \ 0.001 Fo UN STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNIT Part tt 15