Data collection-Solar energy equipments

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, NASHIK

(An Autonomous Institute Of Govt. Of Maharashtra)

REPORT ON:-

DATA COLLECTIONSOLAR ENERGY EQUIPMENTS IN MARKET

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CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 DRAWBACKS OF CONVENTIONAL SOURCE
1.2 ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR POWER
2. SOLAR WATER HEATER
2.1. MANUFACTURERS OF SOLAR WATER HEATERS
3. SOLAR LAMP
3.1. MANUFACTURERS OF SOLAR LAMP IN INDIA
4. SOLAR COOKER
5. SOLAR CELLS
5.1. MANUFACTURERS OF SOLAR CELL IN INDIA
6. SOLAR CHARGER
7. CONCLUSION
8. REFERENCES

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1. INTRODUCTION
Energy is unavoidable part of our life. The demand of energy in various forms
is continuously increasing. But to fulfill all of these demands is impossible with help of
conventional sources like wind power, solar energy. There is unlimited solar power
available in the surface of earth, but the use of it is limited. So to increase the use of solor
power, solar power equipments are necessary.

1.1 DRAWBACKS OF CONVENTIONAL SOURCE

They are limited for completing demand of world. The amount of these
sources if continuously decreasing. They are polluting sources. They are not available
same quantity all over the earth.

1.2 ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR POWER

It is abundant on earth surface. It mass production is taken it can available
economically. It is non-polluting sources. It is renewable source of energy.
So to fulfil the demand of world, use of solar energy is necessary. In order to use
it some application of it are us following.

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2. SOLAR WATER HEATER

Solar water heating (SWH) or solar hot water (SHW) systems comprise
several innovations and many mature renewable energy technologies that have been well
established for many years. SWH has been widely used in Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Israel,
Australia, Japan, Austria and China.
In a "close-coupled" SWH system the storage tank is horizontally mounted
immediately above the solar collectors on the roof. No pumping is required as the hot
water naturally rises into the tank through thermosiphon flow. In a "pump-circulated"
system the storage tank is ground- or floor-mounted and is below the level of the
collectors; a circulating pump moves water or heat transfer fluid between the tank and the
collectors. Figure no.1, 2, 3, 4 shows solar water heater model
SWH systems are designed to deliver hot water for most of the year.
However, in winter there sometimes may not be sufficient solar heat gain to deliver
sufficient hot water. In this case a gas or electric booster is normally used to heat the
water. Israel and Cyprus are the per capita leaders in the use of solar water heating
systems with over 30%40% of homes using them

Fig. No.1 Solar water heater

Flat plate solar systems were perfected and used on a very large scale in Israel. In the
1950s there was a fuel shortage in the new Israeli state, and the government forbade
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heating water between 10 pm and 6 am. Levi Yissar built the first prototype Israeli solar
water heater and in 1953 he launched the NerYah Company, Israel's first commercial
manufacturer of solar water heating.
Despite the abundance of sunlight in Israel, solar water heaters were used by
only 20% of the population by 1967. Following the energy crisis in the 1970s, in 1980 the
Israeli Knesset passed a law requiring the installation of solar water heaters in all new
homes (except high towers with insufficient roof area). As a result, Israel is now the
world leader in the use of solar energy per capita with 85% of the households today using
solar thermal systems (3% of the primary national energy consumption), estimated to
save the country 2 million barrels (320,000 m3) of oil a year, the highest per capita use of
solar energy in the world.
In 2005, Spain became the first country in the world to require the installation
of photovoltaic electricity generation in new buildings, and the second (after Israel) to
require the installation of solar water heating systems in 2006.

Fig. No.2 Solar water heater

SYSTEM DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

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The type, complexity, and size of a solar water heating system are mostly
determined by:
The temperature and amount of the water required from the system. Changes in
ambient temperature and solar radiation between summer and winter. The changes in
ambient temperature during the day-night cycle. The possibility of the potable water or
collector fluid overheating. The possibility of the potable water or collector fluid
freezing.
The minimum requirements of the system are typically determined by the
amount or temperature of hot water required during winter, when a system's output and
incoming water temperature are typically at their lowest. The maximum output of the
system is determined by the need to prevent the water in the system from becoming too
hot.

Fig. No.3 Solar water heater

2.1 MANUFACTURERS OF SOLAR WATER HEATERS

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1. KRISHNA SOLAR SYSTEMS MUMBAI - 400067 INDIA
Mfg. Of Solar Water Heater, Solar Educational Kit, Solar Light, Lanterns,
Torch, Solar Cooker & Solar Distillation
2. TE STANDARD PRODUCTS MFG.CO. THANE - 410208 INDIA
Solar Water Heaters, Flat Plate Collectors, Solar Wind Mills, Solar Lights
3. DAKSHA MARKETING & CONSULTANCY SERVICES MUMBAI 400068 INDIA
Collectors Solar, Hot Air Dryers, Lamps Solar, Solar Cells, Solar
Cookers,
Solar Equipments, Solar Panel Testing Equipments, Cells Solar, Energy
Solar Energy Collectors, Solar Hot Air Dryers, Solar La
4. V.R.MULTI SOLUTIONS THANE - 421202 INDIA
Authorized Stockiest & Dealers of Solar Power Systems, Solar Fan, Solar
Air-Con Fan, Solar Battery Charger, Solar Radio with LED Flashlight,
Solar Camping Lights, Features: A Universal Solar Power System
5. TECHNOPHILE NASHIK - 422005 INDIA
Water Treatment Plants, Solar Water Heaters, Solar Cells, Solar Cookers,
Solar Energy Collectors, Solar Equipments, Solar Hot Air Dryers, Solar
Lamps, Solar Panels, Solar Pumps, Solar Water Heating System
6. PRIYANK ENTERPRISES THANE - 421304 INDIA
Building Materials, Cement Blocks, Roof Slabs, Neru, Minerals,
Chemicals, Fire Bricks, Refractory Material, Insulating Materials, Lime
Cartable, Ramming Mass, Acid Proof Products

7. FORTUNE SUN MUMBAI - 400080 INDIA

Solar Garden Light, Solar Home Light, Solar Lantern, Solar Water Solar
Heating Systems, Solar Street Light, Windmill, Led Signage, Solar Systems,
Energy Products, Solar Lighting Systems, Solar Equipment
Select & Send Trade Enquiry

8. STEELHACKS INDUSTRIES ANAND - 388121

INDIA Thermos phone

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Manufacturer Of From 100lpd At 60c To 5000 Lpd At 60c Type System And From
500 Lpd To Any Required Capacity At 60 c, 70 c Or 80 c Thermostatic Controlled
Forced Flow Systems. Large

Fig. No.4 Solar water heater

3. SOLAR LAMP
A solar lamp is a portable light fixture composed of a LED lamp, a photovoltaic
solar panel, and a rechargeable battery.
Solar panel on top of the lamp recharges the battery.

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Outdoor lamps are used for lawn and garden decorations. Indoor solar lamps are
also used for general illumination (i.e. for garages and the solar panel is deattached of the
LED lamp).
Solar garden lights are used for decoration, and come in a wide variety of
designs. They are sometimes holiday-themed and may come in animal shapes. They are
frequently used to mark footpaths or the areas around swimming pools. Figure no.5,6
shows solar lamps.
Solar lamps recharge during the day. At dusk, they turn on (usually automatically,
although some of them include a switch for on, off and automatic) and remain illuminated
overnight, depending on how much sunlight they receive during the day. Discharging
time is generally 8 to 10 hours.
Some solar lights do not provide as much light as a line-powered lighting system,
but they are easily installed and maintained, and provide a cheaper alternative to wired
lamps.

Fig. No.5 Solar lamps

3.1 MANUFACTURERS OF SOLAR LAMP IN INDIA

1. Topsun Energy Ltd. - India
Manufacturers of Solar Panel, Solar Street Lights, Solar Power Plant, Solar Village
Electrification, Solar Lantern, Solar Water Pump, Solar Home Light System, Solar
Telecoms System and Solar Refrigerator.
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Business Type: Manufacturers
Market Cover: All over the World
Address: B-101, Gidc, Electronic Zone, Sec-25, Gandhinagar, Gujarat India

2. Soyo Systems - India

We are the manufacturers of voltage stabilizer, online ups, grid tie power system,
off grid power plant, solar home lighting system, solar lantern, solar street lighting
system and solar water heater.
Business Type: Manufacturers

Fig. No.6 Solar lamps

4. SOLAR COOKER
A solar cooker, or solar oven, is a device which uses the energy of sunlight to
heat food or drink to cook it or sterilize it. High-tech versions, for example electric ovens
powered by solar cells, are possible, and have some advantages such as being able to
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work in diffuse light. However at present they are very unusual because they are
expensive. Fig. no.7,8 shows solar cooker.
The vast majority of the solar cookers presently in use are relatively cheap,
low-tech devices. Because they use no fuel and cost nothing to operate, many nonprofit
organizations are promoting their use worldwide to help reduce fuel costs for low-income
people, reduce air pollution and slow deforestation and desertification, caused by use of
firewood for cooking.
Solar cooking is a form of outdoor cooking and is often used in situations
where minimal fuel consumption is important, or the danger of accidental fires is high.
Many types of solar cookers exist. Simple solar cookers use the following basic
principles:
Concentrating sunlight: A reflective mirror of polished glass, metal or metallised film is
used to concentrate light and heat from the sun into a small cooking area, making the
energy more concentrated and increasing its heating power.
Converting light to heat: A black or low reflectivity surface on a food container
or the inside of a solar cooker will improve the effectiveness of turning light into heat.
Light absorption converts the sun's visible light into heat, substantially improving the
effectiveness of the cooker.

Fig. No.7 Solar cooker

Trapping heat: It is important to reduce convection by isolating the air inside the cooker
from the air outside the cooker. A plastic bag or tightly sealed glass cover will trap the hot
air inside. This makes it possible to reach similar temperatures on cold and windy days as
on hot days.
Greenhouse effect: Glass transmits visible light but blocks infrared thermal radiation
from escaping. This amplifies the heat trapping effect.
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Fig. No.8 Solar cooker

5. SOLAR CELLS
Photovoltaics are best known as a method for generating electric power by
using solar cells to convert energy from the sun into a flow of electrons. The photovoltaic
effect refers to photons of light exciting electrons into a higher state of energy, allowing
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them to act as charge carriers for an electric current. The photovoltaic effect was first
observed by Alexander-Edmond Becquerel in 1839.The term photovoltaic denotes the
unbiased operating mode of a photodiode in which current through the device is entirely
due to the transuded light energy. Virtually all photovoltaic devices are some type of
photodiode. Fig. no.9, 10,11 shows solar cells.
Solar cells produce direct current electricity from sun light, which can be used
to power equipment or to recharge a battery. The first practical application of
photovoltaics was to power orbiting satellites and other spacecraft, but today the
majority of photovoltaic modules are used for grid connected power generation. In this
case an inverter is required to convert the DC to AC. There is a smaller market for offgrid power for remote dwellings, boats, recreational vehicles, electric cars, roadside
emergency telephones, remote sensing, and cathodic protection of pipelines.
Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of
solar cells containing a photovoltaic material. Materials presently used for photovoltaics
include monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium
telluride, and copper indium gallium selenide/sulfide. Due to the growing demand for
renewable energy sources, the manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has
advanced considerably in recent years.
Cells require protection from the environment and are usually packaged
tightly behind a glass sheet. When more power is required than a single cell can deliver,
cells are electrically connected together to form photovoltaic modules, or solar panels. A
single module is enough to power an emergency telephone, but for a house or a power
plant the modules must be arranged in multiples as arrays.

Fig. No.9 Solar cells

A significant market has emerged in off-grid locations for solar-power-charged

storage-battery based solutions. These often provide the only electricity available. The
first commercial installation of this kind was in 1966 on Ogami Island in Japan to
transition Ogami Lighthouse from gas torch to fully self-sufficient electrical power.

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Solar photovoltaics is growing rapidly, albeit from a small base, to a total
global capacity of 69,684 megawatts (MW) at the end of 2011.The total power output of
the worlds PV capacity run over a calendar year is equal to some 80 billion kWh of
electricity. This is sufficient to cover the annual power supply needs of over 20 million
households in the world, and represents 0.5% of worldwide electricity demand. More
than 100 countries use solar PV. World solar PV capacity (grid-connected) was 7.6 GW in
2007, 16 GW in 2008, 23 GW in 2009, and 40 GW in 2010. Installations may be groundmounted (and sometimes integrated with farming and grazing) or built into the roof or
walls of a building (building-integrated photovoltaics). Photovoltaics is now, after hydro
and wind power, the third most important renewable energy source in terms of globally
installed capacity.
Photovoltaic power capacity is measured as maximum power output under
standardized test conditions (STC) in "Wp" (Wattss peak). The actual power output at a
particular point in time may be less than or greater than this standardized, or "rated,"
value, depending on geographical location, time of day, weather conditions, and other
factors.Solar photovoltaic array capacity factors are typically under 25%, which is lower
than many other industrial sources of electricity.
The EPIA/Greenpeace Solar Generation Advanced Scenario from 2008 shows
that by the year 2030, 1,864 GW of PV systems could be generating approximately 2,646
TW of electricity around the world. Combined with energy use efficiency improvements,
this would represent the electricity needs of more than 9% of the world's population.

Fig.

No.10

Solar

5.1 SOME MANUFACTURERS OF SOLAR CELL IN INDIA

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1. Smart Energy Trade

Manufacturer & exporter of solar cell, solar electric, solar energy, solar
solar fountain, solar garden, solar lamp post
Address:
No. 1 Post Office Street, 2nd Floor, Parrys (Behind GPO),
600001, Tamil Nadu, India

floodlight,
Chennai -

2. Bhambri Enterprises
Exporter of solar cell charger, solar cell lamination, solar cfl lantern, solar charger,
solar charger bag, solar
Address:

794, Joshi Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005, Delhi, India

Fig. No.11 Solar cells

6. SOLAR CHARGER

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Solar charger employs solar energy to supply electricity to devices or charge
batteries. They are generally portable.
Solar chargers can charge lead acid or Ni-Cd battery bank up to 48 V and
hundreds of ampere-hours (up to 400 Ah) capacity. For such type of solar chargers,
generally intelligent charge controllers are used. A series of solar cell array plates are
installed separately on roof top and can be connected to battery bank. Such arrangement
can also be used in addition to mains supply chargers for energy saving during day times.
Most portable chargers can obtain energy from the sun only. Portable wind
turbines are also sold. Some, including the Kinesis K3, can work either way. Examples of
solar chargers in popular use include:
Small portable models designed to charge a range of different mobile phones, cell
phones, iPods or other portable audio equipment.
Fold out models designed to sit on the dashboard of an automobile and plug into the cigar
lighter, to keep the battery topped up whilst not in use.
Torches often combined with a secondary means of charging, such as a kinetic charging
system.Fig. no. 12 shows solar charger.
Portable solar chargers are used to charge cell phones and other small electronic
devices on the go. Chargers on the market today use various types of solar panels,
ranging from the inefficient thin film panels with 10% efficiency or less, to the much
more efficient monocrystalline panels which offer efficiencies up to 19%.
The solar charger industry has been plagued by companies mass-producing low
efficiency solar chargers that don't meet the consumer's expectations [citation needed].
This in turn has made it hard for new solar charger companies to gain the trust of
consumers. Solar companies are finally starting to offer high-efficiency solar chargers,
including a company out of California called SolarJOOS which won the Consumer
Electronics Association Best of Innovations Award for 2010 for its solar charger, the
JOOS Orange.

Some solar chargers also have an on-board battery which is charged by the solar
panel when not charging anything else. This allows the user to be able to use the solar
energy stored in the battery to charge their electronic devices at night or when indoors.

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Solar chargers can also be rollable or flexible and are manufactured using thin
Film PV technology. Rollable solar chargers can include batteries (generally, Li-ion).

Fig. No.12 Solar charger

Advantages of solar energy

1.
2.
3.
4.

It is renewable source of energy.

It is available in abundant form.
It is non-polluting source of energy.
It is easily available in all over the world.
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Disadvantages of solar energy

1. It is not available in night.
2. The cost of solar energy equipments is very high.
3. It is not available in rainy season.

7. CONCLUSION
To complete the demand of energy for mankind use of solar energy is must. It will be
available economically be, if mass production is taken. It is economical, non-polluting,
renewable source of energy. It is must for the currant and next generation.

8. REFERENCES
1. Articles in newspaper
2. Jaunral -sources of energy

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