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INTRODUCTION TO HYDROELECTRICITY
Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by hydropower, i.e., the production of electrical power
through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used
form of renewable energy. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no
direct waste.
The essential elements of a
hydropower plant are listed below :
1. Catchment area.
2. Reservoir.
3. Dam.
4. Spillways.
5. Conduits.
6. Surge tank.
7. Prime-movers.
8. Draft tubes
9. Powerhouse.
10. Equipments.
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Dam
Dam
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Dam
Generator
SPILLWAY
Spillway
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PENSTOCK
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HOW IT WORKS.
Water in a high reservoir
has potential energy
The water is allowed to fall
under gravity
The water gains kinetic
energy
The kinetic energy drives
the turbines
The turbines drives the
generators
The kinetic energy of the
shafts of the generators is
converted into electrical
energy
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Electrical
Energy
Potential
Energy
Electricity
Kinetic
Energy
Mechanical
Energy
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Hydrologic Cycle
Catchment area is the whole
area behind the dam draining into
a stream or river across which the
dam has been constructed .
The characteristics of the
catchment area includes it's size,
shape,
surface,
altitude,
topography and geology.
The bigger the catchment area,
steeper is the slope, higher is the
altitude, and greater is the total
runoff of water.
Rain fall (precipitation) may be defined as the total condensation of moisture that reaches the
earth in any form. It includes all forms of rain, ice, snow, hail. The rainfall is measured in terms
of (cm water) over a given area over a period of time (year).
Evaporation represent all of the rainfall that is returned to the atmosphere from the land and
water surfaces.
Nipu Kumar Das
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Hydrologic Cycle
Run-off is the portion of the
rainfall that flows through the
catchment area.
therefore run-off
= total rainfall total evaporation
Example.
Catchment area = 500sq.km
Rainfall = 100 cm/yr
Quantity of water available per
year is
q = catchment area x rainfall
q = (500 sq.km x 106 sq.m /sq.km) x (100 cm/yr / 100 cm/m) m3 /yr
q= (500x106 m2x(100/100)m q= ---?? m3
From which we can evaluate water volume flow rate from this available quantity of water, i.e
Q = (q cu.m /yr) / [ 365 day/yr x 24 hr/day x 3600 sec/hr ]= --- ?? m3/ sec
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POWER CALCULATION
The power developed by a water turbine is depend on the volumetric rate of water
flow through it and the head of water this can be calculated by equation.
P =oQHo g
0
kW
Where,
Q is the flow rate in m3/sec,
Ho is the net head available in m,
g is the gravitational acceleration, and
o is the overall efficiency of the system (60% to 80%)
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Power Calculation
Consider a mountain stream with an effective head of 25 meters (m) and a flow r
ate of 600 m3 per minute. How much power could a hydro plant generate? As
sume plant efficiency () of 83%.
How much energy (E) will the hydro plant generate each year?
About how many people will this energy support (assume approximately 3,00 kW
h / person)?
H = 25 m
Q
=
600
Q = 0.01 m3/sec
/min
min/60sec
P 2.1 kW
m3/1000
10QH
0.83
10(0.83)(0.01)(25)
2.075
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Nipu
Kumar
Das
Boyle, Renewable
Energy,
2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
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CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRO-PLANT
1. Storage plant
(a) High head plants
(b) Low head plants
(c) Medium head plants.
2. Run-of-river power plants
(a) With poundage
(b) Without poundage.
3. Pumped storage power Plants.
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Example: Hoover
Dam, Grand Coul
ee
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Without poundage :
Example: Niagara Falls
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Pumped Storage:
Two way flow
Pumped up to a storage
storage, not
production
net
energy
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Medium-hydro
15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid
Small-hydro
1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid
Mini-hydro
Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW
Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid
Micro-hydro
From 5kW up to 100 kW
Usually provided power for a small community or rural industry in remote areas
away from the grid.
Pico-hydro
From a few hundred watts up to 5kW
Remote areas away from the grid.
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Nipu
IEA.orgKumar Das
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Name
Country
Year
Max
Generation
Annual
Production
Three Gorges
China
2009
18,200 MW
Itaip
Brazil/Paraguay
1983
12,600 MW
93.4 TW-hrs
Guri
Venezuela
1986
10,200 MW
46 TW-hrs
Grand Coulee
United States
1942/80
6,809 MW
22.6 TW-hrs
Sayano Shushenskaya
Russia
1983
6,400 MW
Robert-Bourassa
Canada
1981
5,616 MW
Churchill Falls
Canada
1971
5,429 MW
35 TW-hrs
Iron Gates
Romania/Serbia
1970
2,280 MW
11.3 TW-hrs
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Nipu
Kumar Das
Hydroelectricity, Wikipedia.org
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SELECTION OF TURBINE
The type, geometry and dimensions of the turbine for a particular project depends on
The net head available H
Range of discharge through the turbine Q
N
P * 1 . 358
H 5/4
Specific speed
ns =
Head range in
(m)
2-40
Specific speed
range
200-1000
Bulb turbine
0-10
260-360
Cross-flow
1.5-150
20-200
Francis
10-350
30-400
Pelton
60-1000
10-30
Turgo
50-250
20-70
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THANK YOU
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