DC and AC

machineRY
NEE 410

Engr. Jessica Laine M. Tumbaga

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

Generator principle
An electric generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy
into electrical energy. An electric generator is based on the
principle that whenever flux is cut by a conductor, an e.m.f. is
induced which will cause a current to flow if the conductor circuit is
closed. The direction of induced e.m.f. (and hence current) is given
by Flemings right hand rule. Therefore, the essential components
of a generator are:
(a) a magnetic field
(b) conductor or a group of conductors
(c) motion of conductor w.r.t. magnetic field.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

Simple loop generator

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

Construction of DC
Generator
The d.c. generators and d.c. motors have the same general
construction. In fact, when the machine is being assembled, the
workmen usually do not know whether it is a d.c. generator or
motor. Any d.c. generator can be run as a d.c. motor and vice-versa.
All d.c. machines have five principal components viz.,
(i) field system
(ii) armature core
(iii) armature winding
(iv) commutator
(v) brushes

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

Parts of a dynamo
Field system
The function of the field system is to produce uniform magnetic
field within which the armature rotates. It consists of a number
of salient poles (of course, even number) bolted to the inside of
circular frame (generally called yoke).
Armature core
The armature core is keyed to the machine shaft and rotates
between the field poles. It consists of slotted soft-iron
laminations that are stacked to form a cylindrical core.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

Parts of a dynamo
Armature winding
The slots of the armature core hold insulated conductors that are
connected in a suitable manner. This is known as armature
winding. This is the winding in which working e.m.f. is
induced.
Commutator
A commutator is a mechanical rectifier which converts the
alternating voltage generated in the armature winding into
direct voltage across the brushes.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

Parts of a dynamo
Brushes
The purpose of brushes is to ensure electrical connections
between the rotating commutator and stationary external load
circuit.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

10

General features of dc
armature windings
i.

ii.

A d.c. machine (generator or motor) generally employs

windings distributed in slots over the circumference of the
armature core.
The armature conductors are connected to form coils. The basic
component of all types of armature windings is the armature
coil. (i) shows a single-turn coil. It has two conductors or coil
sides connected at the back of the armature. (ii) shows a 4-turn
coil which has 8 conductors or coil sides.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

11

General features of dc
armature windings
iii. Most of d.c. armature windings are double layer windings i.e.,
there are two coil sides per slot as shown below. One coil side
of a coil lies at the top of a slot and the other coil side lies at
the bottom of some other slot.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

12

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

13

General features of dc
armature windings
iv. The coil sides are connected through commutator segments in
such a manner as to form a series-parallel system; a number of
conductors are connected in series so as to increase the voltage
and two or more such series-connected paths in parallel to
share the current.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

14

General features of dc
armature windings
v.

The d.c. armature winding is a closed circuit winding. In such

a winding, if one starts at some point in the winding and traces
through the winding, one will come back to the starting point
without passing through any external connection.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

15

Definition of terms
Inductor Part of coil of a single turn that lies within a slot.
Note: there are two inductors per turn of a coil.
Coil Side or Coil Edge all inductors of a coil that lies in a slot
taken as a group. Note: there are two coil sides in a single coil.
Coil or winding element two conductors along with their end
connections constitute one coil or winding element. A complete
coil, which may consist of more than one turn.
Singleturn coil a single turn coil will have two conductors.
Multi-turn coil it may have many conductors per coil side. The
group of wires or conductors constituting a coil side of a multiturn coil is wrapped with a tape as a unit and is placed in the
armature slot.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

16

Definition of terms
Commutator Pitch (YC)
The commutator pitch is the number of commutator segments
spanned by each coil of the winding. Since each coil has two ends
and as two coil connections are joined at each commutator
segment, thus, number of coils equals number of commutator
segment.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

17

Definition of terms
Pole-pitch
It is the distance measured in terms of number of armature slots
(or armature conductors) per pole. Thus if a 4-pole generator has
16 coils, then number of slots = 16.

Coil span or Coil Pitch (YS)

It is the distance measured in terms of the number of armature
slots (or armature conductors) spanned by a coil. Thus if the coil
span is 9 slots, it means one side of the coil is in slot 1 and the
other side in slot 10.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

18

Definition of terms
Full-Pitched Coil
If the coil-span or coil pitch is equal to pole pitch, it is called fullpitched coil.
Fractional pitched coil
If the coil span or coil pitch is less than the pole pitch, then it is
called fractional pitched coil.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

19

Types of DC
armature windings
Simplex lap winding
For a simplex lap winding, the commutator pitch YC = 1 and coil
span YS = pole pitch. The name lap comes from the way in which
successive coils overlap the preceding one.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

20

Simplex Lap Winding

Have parallel path equal to the number of poles.
The leads of each coil are connected to adjacent commutator bars.
The no. of brushes is equal to the no. of poles.
This type of winding is used in dc generators designed for highcurrent applications. The windings are connected to provide
several parallel paths for current in the armature. For this
reason, lap-wound armatures used in dc generators require
several pairs of poles and brushes.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

21

Winding diagram for

simplex lap winding

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

22

Types of DC
armature windings
Simplex wave winding
For a simplex wave winding, the commutator pitch YC = 2 pole
pitches and coil span YS = pole pitch. This winding is called wave
winding from the appearance (wavy) of the end connections.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

23

Simplex Wave Winding

It has two parallel paths regardless of the number of poles.
The leads of each coil are connected to commutator bars
approximately two pole span apart.
The no. of brushes depends on Engg consideration.
This type of winding is used in dc generators employed in highvoltage applications. Notice that the two ends of each coil are
connected to commutator segments separated by the distance
between poles. This configuration allows the series addition of
the voltages in all the windings between brushes. This type of
winding only requires one pair of brushes. In practice, a practical
generator may have several pairs to improve commutation.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

24

Winding diagram for

simplex wave winding

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

25

Further Armature
Winding terminology
Back Pitch (YB)
It is the distance measured in terms of armature conductors
between the two sides of a coil at the back of the armature.
Front Pitch (YF)
It is the distance measured in terms of armature conductors
between the coil sides attached to any one commutator segment.
Resultant Pitch (YR)
It is the distance (measured in terms of armature conductors)
between the beginning of one coil and the beginning of the next
coil to which it is connected.
Commutator Pitch (YC)
It is the number of commutator segments spanned by each coil of
the armature winding.
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

26

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

27

Further Armature
Winding terminology
Progressive Winding
A progressive winding is one in which, as one traces through the
winding, the connections to the commutator will progress around
the machine in the same direction as is being traced along the
path of each individual coil. (i) shows progressive lap winding.
Note that YB > YF and YC = + 1.
Retrogressive Winding
A progressive winding is one in which, as one traces through the
winding, the connections to the commutator will progress around
the machine in the opposite direction as is being traced along the
path of each individual coil. (ii) shows retrogressive lap winding.
Note that YB < YF and YC = - 1.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

28

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

29

General Rules For D.C.

Armature Windings
In the design of d.c. armature winding (lap or wave), the following
rules may be followed:
i. The back pitch (YB) as well as front pitch (YF) should be nearly
equal to pole pitch. This will result in increased e.m.f. in the
coils.
ii. Both pitches (YB and YF) should be odd. This will permit all
end connections (back as well as front connection) between a
conductor at the top of a slot and one at the bottom of a slot.
iii. The number of commutator segments is equal to the number of
slots or coils (or half the number of conductors).
No. of commutator segments = No. of slots = No. of coils
iv. The winding must close upon itself i.e. it should be a closed
circuit winding.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

30

LAP WINDING
Back Pitch (YB)

Front Pitch ( YF)

Where: S = no. of slots

P = no. of poles

No. of Parallel paths [a = mP]

a = P (simplex)
a = 2P (duplex)
a = 3P (triplex)

Commutator pitch (YC)

Where: m = multiplicity of the

winding
m = 1 (simplex) + = progressive
m = 2 (duplex)
- = retrogressive
m = 3 (triplex)
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Y F = Y B - YC

No. of Commutator Bars (B)

For 1 coil per slot
B=S
For 2 coil per slot
B = 2S
For 3 coil per slot
B = 3S

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

31

WAVE WINDING
Back Pitch (YB)

Front Pitch ( YF)

Where: S = no. of slots

P = no. of poles

No. of Parallel paths [a = 2m]

a = 2 (simplex)
a = 4 (duplex)
a = 6 (triplex)

Commutator pitch (YC)

Where:
B = no. of c. bars
m = plex
m = 1 (simplex) + = progressive
m = 2 (duplex)
- = retrogressive
m = 3 (triplex)
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

YF = YC - YB

No. of Commutator Bars (B)

For 1 coil per slot
B=S
For 2 coil per slot
B = 2S
For 3 coil per slot
B = 3S

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

32

problems
1. The armature of a 4-pole dynamo with interpoles has 19 slots
and 19 commutator bars. The winding is a progressive simplex
lap. Find the back pitch, commutator pitch and front pitch and
make a complete winding table. draw the developed and radial
winding diagram.
2. If it is desired to have a progressive simplex wave winding for
winding the machine in Problem 1, find Yb, Cp and Yf and make
a winding table. draw the developed and radial winding diagram.
3. A DC generator has 4 poles and a total of 400 conductors on its
armature. The total air-gap flux from each pole is 2x106
maxwells. At 1,800rpm, find the voltage generated if the
armature is a) simplex lap wound; b) simplex wave wound. The
allowable current is 4A per path. c) What will be the kilowatts
generated in each phase?

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

33

problems
4. A 6-pole generator has 5x106 maxwells of flux per pole and a
speed of 1200rpm. The generated voltage is 250 volts.
Determine the inductors necessary if the armature is a) simplex
lap wound; b) duplex lap wound; c) simplex wave wound; d)
duplex wave wound. If the power generated is 100kW, what
must be the current rating per path for each type of winding?
5. A 4-pole dynamo with interpoles has 240 inductors on its
armature with six turns per coil and two coil sides per slot. a)
Determine the number of coils, slots, commutator bars required.
b) Determine Yb, Cp and Yf for a simplex lap winding.
6. If it is desired to reconnect the windings of the armature in
Problem 5 as a simplex wave winding, what changes if any, in
the number of coils, slots, bars and the pitches will be necessary?

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

34

problems
7. The armature of a 4-pole generator is to be driven at 1750rpm
and is to be wound with 380 inductors having a diameter of 102
mils and average length of 76.2cm per turn. Calculate the flux
per pole necessary to generate 130 volts when the armature is a)
simplex lap wound and b) simplex wave wound. c) Using =
10-CM/ft, determine the resistance of the armature as wound
in a) and b).
8. The winding for the armature in Problem 7 is to be simplex wave
winding. Find Yb, Cp and Yf and make a complete winding table
for a a) progressive simplex wave winding; b) retrogressive
simplex wave winding.
9. A 6-pole generator has 600 inductors on its armature, each of
which generates an average emf of 3.5V and carries a current of
10A. What should be the current rating, voltages and kilowatts
generated by the generator a) if the armature is simplex lap
wound and b) if the armature is simplex wave wound?
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

35

problems
10. An 8-pole generator has 4x106 maxwells of flux per pole and a
speed of 1250rpm. The generated voltage is 300V. Determine
the inductors necessary if the armature is a) simplex lap wound;
b) duplex lap wound; c) simplex wave wound; d) duplex wave
wound.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016

44

William Feather

~The End~
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, July 12, 2016