ISBN-13: 978-1540513212

Proceedings of ICAET-2016

DESIGN OF OPTICAL GATES USING PHOTONIC CRYSTALS

Jyoti.B1, Dr.Sanjay Kumar C Gowre2,Bhagyalashmi.V3
1

Assistant Professor ,Dept of ECE, GSSSIETW, Mysuru,jyothi.b@gsss.edu.in

2Associate

Professor,BKIT, Bhalki, INDIA, sanjaygowre@gmail.com

Assistant Professor,ECE Dept,GSSSIETW, MYSURU,INDIA,vblakshmi85@gmail.com

ABSTRACT In recent years rising requirements for

transfer rates of networks can be observed. The

amount of transmitted data capacity grows rapidly
and the question is how we can increase capacities
in present transmission lines. The only one
possibility is a construction of optical networks, that
are able work with transmissions rates up to
hundreds Gb.s -1 . These bit rates are not possible
unless optical node will not work in full-optical
mode, i.e. switching and controlling must be fulloptical. All-optical signal processing is particularly
of interest in telecommunications applications,
where the benefits of the optical approach in
terms power and cost are becoming important. All
optical logic gates are the building blocks of optical
signal processing devices.
This paper consists of design of optical gates by
interference method by using photonic crystals as a
material.
1.

Photonic crystals are also called as photonic band

gap structures with periodic structures that are formed
naturally or artificially. The most important property of
PCs is band gap where light of particular wavelength cant
propagate through it.
II HOW PHOTONIC CRYSTALS ARE DIFFERENT
FROM SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS

INTRODUCTION

Optical communication has the potential to

fulfill the nowadays bandwidth requirements,
provided that it can be implemented in a cheap and
reliable way. Development of optical communication
is hindered by lack of all Optical devices.All optical
logic gates are the building blocks of optical signal
processing devices.

Mainly PCs helps to modulate the light

propagation semi conductors basically have valence band
and conduction band and a energy gap between them. To
semi conductor to be conductive electron must be pass this
energy band gap and go into the valence band, we know
that we can modify this band gap by adding dopents and
helps in conduction of semi conductor.

Photonic crystal is a optical nanostructure

which is periodic in nature and affects the motion of
photons in the similar way that ionic lattices affect the
electrons. Photonic crystal concept had basically
originated from solid state physics. We know that
semiconductors are playing an important role in our
daily life. The critical property of a semiconductor is its
energy gap or band structure, the uniform arrangement
of atoms is seen in FCC (face-centered cubic) crystals
structure semiconductor. The reason for the periodic
arrangement atoms in FCC is periodic potential in the
structure. If a material is periodic structured in space
then a band structure is expected.

Similarly we have PCs which allows

only certain wave length of electromagnetic waves to pass
through it and prohibits another set of wavelength of
electromagnetic waves to pass through it. The wave
lengths which are not allows to pass through the PCs are
known as photonic band gap. Similarly as in semi
conductors we can add some impurities and we can make
allow only some colours in spectrum of EM waves to pass
through and also to prohibit through the photonic crystals.

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III TYPES OF PHOTONIC CRYSTALS

Photonic crystals are basically classified in to 3 types
according to the fabricated dimensions

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ISBN-13: 978-1540513212

1) One dimension photonic crystals

2) Two dimension photonic crystals
3) Three dimension photonic crystals

Proceedings of ICAET-2016

2D crystals shows periodicity with x and y axis

along z axis and also homogeneous. In two dimensional
photonic crystals, holes are drilled in substrate which is
transparent to the wavelength of radiation that the band
gap is designed to the block. Eg:-photonic crystal fibre,
pillar array and hole array crystals.

Three dimensional photonic crystals

3D photonic crystals posses analogous structures
as solid state crystals such as semiconductors. The first 3D
periodic crystals was fabricated in 1991 which possessing
complete band gap. After this several types of 3D
photonic crystals have fabricated using dimond lattice
Eg:-photonic beam crystals.
IV OPTICAL LOGIC GATES

Figure.1 (a)1D PC (b)2D PC (c)3D PC

structures

One dimensional photonic crystals

All optical gates have become an essential

element for all types of optical signal processor, optical
computers and to improve speed of communication
networks.
Methods for designing optical gates using PCs
1.

Non linear karr effect and ring resonators

2.

Optical interference effect in 2D PCs

3.

Using self-collimated beams in 2D photonic

crystals

4.

Using Semiconductor optical amplifier

5. Using mach-zehnder interferometer

OPTICAL INTERFERENCE EFFECT
In one dimensional photonic crystals, crystals
are made of layers deposited one on another. one
dimensional photonic crystals are in such a way that
the layers are of different dielectric constant and form a
band gap in a single direction. The materials used to
form layers are filled with vacuum.
Eg:-Bragg
grating.

According to wave optics theory if the phase

difference between two light beams is 2K
then constructive interference will occur and output
light will have high power(state 1), if phase difference
is (2K+1) then destructive interference will occur
and outout loght will be approximately zero(state 0).
V DESIGN OF OPTICAL GATE USING 2D PC

Two dimensional photonic crystals

The design is done by using 2D photonic

crystal wave guide composed of air holes in silicon,
by choosing appropriate radius of air holes. The
proposed photonic crystal is as figure shown below

Fig 2: Sectrum analyzer at the output of second SOA when both

inputs are low.

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Figure.3. Schematic representation of all-optical logic gates IAETSD 2016

64
Difference between input signal which results in

ISBN-13: 978-1540513212

Proceedings of ICAET-2016

constructive or destructive interference. Output is

obtained by port Y. Specifications:

Refractive index of air holes is 3.5

Radius of holes is R=0.3

Radius of center hole Rc=0.44

In figure 3 one port is R that is reference port and

Figure.4. Field distributions gate of the AND logic gate.

another 2 ports A and B which are used to give inputs.

R is used to create phase.In this structure a hole is
introduced at the center of 4 waveguides.

Optical AND gate

In the proposed structure AND gate consists of
twoinput signals and a reference signal and an output
signal. The AND logic gate operates as follows:(i)
when input port A is launched with light having phase
angle = 0 and reference port with light having phase
angle = 180 then logic 0 is obtained at the output
port Y. (ii) Similarly, when input port B is launched
with light having phase angle = 0 and reference port
with light having phase angle = 180 then also logic0
is obtained at the output port Y. (iii) When both the
input ports A and B are excited with light signal having
phase angle = 0 and reference port with light also
having phase angle = 0 then logic1 is obtained at the
output port Y.

Optical NOT gate

Not gate performs the inversion of the input, it is designed
as an inverter. In the proposed design port A is taken to
give inputs and a reference signal. When port A is
launched by the signal of phase angle =0 and reference
port with phase angle =180 the output in the port Y is
logically 0 and logically 1 when signal is given as
input at port A and only reference signal is launched at the
post R with phase angle =180. The below table shows
the output logic states and fig shows the field distribution
of NOT gate during its operation.

The results are summarized in below Table

Optical OR gate

field have distributions for all possible

combinations

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In the proposed structure OR gate consists of two

input signals and a reference signal and an output signal.
The OR logic gate operates as follows:(i) when input port
A is launched with light having phase angle = 0 and
reference port also with light having phase angle
=0
then logic 1 is obtained at the output port Y. (ii) Similarly,
when input port B is launched with light having phase
angle = 0 and reference port with light having phase
angle =0 then also logic 1 is obtained at the output port
Y. (iii) When both the input ports A and B are excited
with light signal having phase angle = 0 and reference
port with light also having phase angle = 0 then logic 1
is obtained at the output port Y.

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ISBN-13: 978-1540513212

Proceedings of ICAET-2016

For OR operation the launching of same phase

angle between the input signal and reference signal will
yields to constructive interference which helps satisfy
output with respect to OR gate, below 2 figures shows
field distributions and truth table respectively

Figure.6. Field distributions at steady state of the NAND logic

gate.

Figure.5. Field distributions at steady state of the OR logic

gate.

Optical NAND gate

The NAND gate will work exactly opposite to AND
gate. In NAND gate output is logically 1 if light is
launched at any one of the two inputs or zero input
launch from both the inputs and it is logically 0when
both the input values are launched along with the
reference signal. The working of NAND gate has been
explained as follows: :(i) when no signal is passed at
input ports and reference port is launched with light
having phase angle =0 then logic 1 is obtained at the
output port Y. (ii) when both the ports A and B is
launched with light having phase angle = 0 and
reference port with light having phase angle =180
then also logic 0 is obtained at the output port Y. The
field distributions are shown in below figure and result
is summarized in the truth table

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Optical NOR gate

The NOR gate will work exactly opposite to OR gate. In
NOR gate output is logically 1 if light is not launched at
any one of the two inputs or zero input launch from both
the inputs The working of NAND gate has been explained
as follows: (i) when no signal is passed at input ports and
reference port is launched with light having phase angle
=180 then logic 1 is obtained at the output port Y. (ii)
when both the ports A and B is launched with light having
phase angle = 0 and reference port with light having
phase angle =180 then also logic 0 is obtained at the
output port Y. The field distributions are shown in below
figure and result is summarized in the truth table.

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ISBN-13: 978-1540513212

Proceedings of ICAET-2016
[8] Z. Zalevsky, A. Rudnitsky, M. Nathan, Nano photonic
and ultra fast all-optical processing modules, Opt. Express
13 (2005) 1027210284
[9] Q. Liu, Z. Ouyang, C.J. Wu, C.P. Liu, J.C. Wang, Alloptical half adder based on cross structures in twodimensional photonic crystal, Opt. Express 16 (2008)
1899219000.
[10] Q. Xu, R. Soref, Reconfigurable optical directedlogic circuits using micro resonators-based optical
switches, Opt. Express 19 (2011) 52445259.

Figure.7. Field distributions at steady state of the NOR

logic gate

VI CONCLUSION
Simulated all-optical logic gates AND,NOT,OR, NOR
and NAND gates using interference method.These
gates can be used for designing many switching and
storage devices. Hence these gates can be the key
elements in next-generation optical networks and
computing systems to perform optical signal processing
functions such as all-optical label swapping],
wavelength converter, header recognition parity
checking, binary addition, and data encryption.
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