Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
USING
Medieval
Installation
Tutorial
Annexes
Robert Piechaud 1999
Published by
For Macintosh
- 1-
& Windows
USING Medieval
INTRODUCTION
a Finale plug-in (installed into the Finale plug-in Folder) consisting of a new palette
with 12 graphic-oriented tools;
2 new fonts, Neuma and Neuma Symbol, for PostScript and TrueType printers;
In this book, you will find all you need to install and work with Medieval.
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USING Medieval
INSTALLATION
Installing Medieval on your computer is easy. Medieval CD is compatible with Windows (95, 98)
and Macintosh (OS 7.5 and later, PowerPC or more).
I-
For Windows 95 or 98
Insert the CD into your computer. Double-click the icon "Setup.exe" found in the folder
"Medieval Setup 98" or "Medieval Setup 2000" (depending upon which version of Finale you
use).
In the setup process, choose if necessary the Finale folder (the default is C:\Finale 98 or C:\Finale
2000) and select the following options:
Typical (default), to install all Medieval components,
Custom, to choose them from a list,
and Compact for a minimal installation.
After the installation, restart your computer and launch Finale. Select "Medieval" in the Plug-ins
menu list. During the first run, you will be asked the following information:
Type the required information and press OK. It is now saved and you are ready to start working
with Medieval!
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USING Medieval
II-
Insert the CD into your computer. Double-click the icon "Medieval Setup ".
In the setup process, choose if necessary the Finale folder by double-clicking the scroll-menu
"Install Location", and to select the installation style you want: for Finale 98 or 2000.
After the installation, restart your computer and launch Finale. Select "Medieval" in the Plug-ins
menu list. For this first time, you will be asked the following information:
Type the required information and press OK. It is now saved and you are ready to start working
with Medieval!
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USING Medieval
Medievals TUTORIAL
This progressive tutorial is written like a course in which you will discover all Medieval tools and
functions. We suppose that you already have a good background in using Finale. However, if you
do not, we advise you to get first acquainted with using it before beginning to work with
Medieval.
With the New from Template command (File menu), open GregorianDefault.FTM:
!
A 4-line staff appears with the C clef in the Gregorian square notation style. Note the dashed
barlines, and that the default measure rests and time signatures are missing.
Check that you are in Page View (Scroll View is best avoided with Medieval) and that
Automatic Music Spacing is unchecked (Edit menu, Finale 2000).
If you often deal with medieval scores, you can set either MedievalDefault.FTM or
GregorianDefault.FTM as a new Finale default file, by using the Program Options dialogue
box.
2- Barlines and Time Signature - How Medieval deals with non-measured music
As medieval music does not utilise barlines, as we understand this word in modern music, other
symbols are found to punctuate or distinguish parts, phrases or note groupings. They rarely look
like "classical barlines". Thus, the dashed barlines in the default files are used as a guide for the
first step of your work. Later, they may be hidden (with the Barline tool) or modified.
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USING Medieval
No matter what style of music you set, Finale always needs an underlying Time Signature. This
may be seen in contradiction with the "non-measured" character of certain medieval music
notation. The following example shows how Medieval solves the problem.
Read these several points carefully, in order to organize your transcription efficiently.
Suppose now you want to set the following gregorian chant:
! u9 S9 y Y h u9 9 y u9 X
h u
X X X X X
X X X X X X
In Medieval, it is essential to deal only with Finale quarter note (eventually doted), regardless of
the real rythmic value. Actually, instead of correcting manually the time signature of the measure,
Medieval adapts it automatically to the real number of entries, even if you remove or add some
notes. Before typing your entries into the score, check the following points:
8
In Simple Entry, uncheck Check for Extra Notes in the Simple Entry menu.
In Speedy Entry, uncheck Jump to Next Measure, Check Accidentals, Check for Extra
Notes and Use five Lines Staff in the Speedy menu.
With the appropriate tool, Speedy or Simple Entry, enter the notes of our example using the
quarter note value. Do not forget the direct, which must be considered here as a note:
! XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX X
XXX
X X X X X X X
By using the Neume, Group and Change Head tools, Medieval can change this simple
"punctum" melody into complex neume groupings so as to create an accurate and smart
transcription, effortlessly.
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USING Medieval
The Neume tool is Medieval's most powerful function. With just a click of the mouse, you can
change melodies into complex forms of fundamental neumes, like Gregorian porrectus. Medieval
contains more than 80 melodic shapes, up to 7 notes, with subtleties like liquescence, convex/
concave ligatures, or white shapes. See The Fundamental Neumes Board in the annex for details.
!
Choose the Mass Mover and verify that Select Partial Measure is checked in the Mass
Mover menu (or Edit menu in Finale 2000). If your page looks too small, use the Zoom tool.
Select your three measures, entirely or not, and click Medieval's Spacing tool
. This
"initialization", which is essential, allows you to select note by note with the Mass Mover.
Select the first two notes (F-G). Click on the Neume tool
this process for the next groups: A-G-A, F-A-F and G-F-E:
! u9 S9 y Y h X X X X X X X X X X
h XX
X X X X X X X
You have just created a podatus, a porrectus, a torculus and a climacus! You can even ask
Medieval the name of a given neume with the Nomine
!
tool:
Select one of the newly created neumes, the second for example. This selection does not need
to be precise. Click the Nomine tool
As before, select the notes D-E-F-G-A. Pressing the Shift key, click the Neume tool.
Using the Neume tool normally, complete your measure with the groups F-A-F and G-A (the
last note, G, does not need any change because it is already a punctum):
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USING Medieval
! u9 S9 y Y h 9u9 y u9 X X
h u
X X X X X X X
If you do not press the Shift key while creating the scandicus D--A, you would get to a variant
with the podatus in first (and not second) position:
u9u9Z
In order to correct this, you would proceed as follows:
!
Select the D--A group with the Mass Mover. While pressing the Shift key, click the
Neume tool. You get a message informing you that a neume is already there and asking if
you want to continue:
With the Mass Mover, select the porrectus (2nd neume, 1st measure). Again, the selection
need not to be precise (Medieval automatically extends the selection to the closest neume).
Click on the Split tool
! u9 X X X y
Y hh X
The "neumatic" part of your work is done. Some graphic adjustments remain to give the score its
smart definitive appearance.
2- The Direct
The Direct (Guidon in French) is the symbol put at the end of a line or before a clef change,
which shows the singer the first note of the next system or after the clef change. You must
include it as a note in your first-step transcription. Here is how it is placed:
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USING Medieval
!
With Mass Mover, select the third measure, partially or not. Click the Direct tool
. The
last note of the measure instantly changes into a direct, placed automatically at the very end
of the measure:
X X X X X X
Note that the spacing of the punctums was made automatically. For almost all the tools, Medieval
checks the measure, and "initializes" it, if necessary.
3- What happens to the barlines? - Moving and respacing
As mentioned before, the default file has "symbolic" dashed barlines. To hide these barlines,
(which may be necessary), select the corresponding measures and click the Barline tool
you click again on the Barline tool, the dashed barlines return.
. If
In the above example, you need a double barline and two quarter barlines ("ticks"). Select them
in Finale with the Measure tool by double-clicking on each measure, and selecting the desired
barline in the Measure Attributes dialogue box (in Finale 2000, you can even create your own
barline as a graphic shape). You should obtain this result:
! 9 S9 y Y u9 y u9 X
u hh u9
X
X X X X X X
In order to give more space to the first measure and reduce the next two, here is another powerful
functionality of the Spacing tool:
!
Select the Finale Measure tool. Drag the double barline and the first tick to the right. The
placement of the barlines has improved, but the note spacing has been changed:
! 9 S 9 y Y u9
u h h u 9
!
y u9 X X X X X X
X X X X X X
Select all measures with the Mass Mover and click the Space tool. The spacing returns to its
perfect alignment:
! u9 S 9 y Y h 9u9 y u9 X
h u
X X X X X
X X X X X X
Always use the Medieval Spacing tool after any Finale operation which disturbs the graphic
appearance, like the Resize tool, Page Layout, moving a barline, etc.
As a finishing touch, move the scandicus slightly to the right, near the next torculus.
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USING Medieval
Select precisely the scandicus (1st measure, 5th group) with the Mass Mover:
For better control, use Finale Zoom first. Then, while clicking the Arrow tool, press the Ctrl
key. In order to obtain the best control of 1 EVPU (see Finale On-line Documentation), press
simultaneously Ctrl and Shift. This shortcut is useful to perfect the graphic alignment of the
neumes. In this case, use a maximal magnification.
It is advisable to use Medieval Arrow tools instead of Finale Note Position Tool (Special Tools
Palette) which only moves the notes relatively.
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USING Medieval
Certain medieval notations, in particular those of the 14th century, use a variety of symbols for
note heads. In order to make your work easier, the Change Head tool offers you a direct access
to a wide library of note heads:
!
With the Mass Mover, select the notes you want to change (possibly in several measures).
Click the Change Head as often as necessary until you find the right head. This process is
cyclic: you will return to the beginning after several clicks. For a quick jump to the diamond
heads, press Shift, once while clicking the Change Head tool.
It is important to note that some heads have the value of two notes, like plicas or ligatures, but
they must be set in your first-step transcription as single notes.
Type this:
^ (= X X ) ] (= X X )f (= X X)
You can also change note heads to medieval style rests (thin vertical bars of different lengths), by
maintaining the Ctrl key. Thus, in order to get rests, you must enter them first as notes in your
first-step transcription. Suppose you wish to obtain the following:
!
!
!
!
X
X
X
X
X
X X
With the Mass Mover, select the whole group and click the Change Head tool while pressing
the Shift key (quick jump to the diamond notes):
!
!
h
0
h
0
h
0 h
h
h
h
h
h
h h
Then, for each desired rest (1st, 3rd and 5th notes), select the corresponding note and, while
maintaining the Ctrl key, click the Change Head tool twice.
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USING Medieval
XX XXXfX\
!
X X X X X X X X
!
Using the Change Head tool, change the 6th and the 8th note like this:
\
X
X
X
X
f
X
X
!
Then, with the Mass Mover, select all the notes and click the Group tool
X X X X X X X X X
!
Select the notes and, while pressing the Ctrl key, click the Group tool to obtain a stem
grouping:
yX yyX
3- Creating a "quilisma" ( )
The Quilisma is a small symbol used in Gregorian music for certain ascending melodic
movements. The following example shows two different uses for the Quilisma:
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USING Medieval
!
!X X X X X X X X X X
!
Using the Neume tool, shape a clivis (G-F), a torculus resupinus(G-F-G-F) and a scandicus
(F-G-A-B, pressing the Shift key); use the Group tool to attach the first two neumes
together:
Xu9Y
! x X9
With the Mass Mover, select the second G (beginning of the torculus resupinus) and, while
pressing the Alt key, click the Change Head tool. For the second quilisma, select the podatus
(G-A) included in the scandicus, and click the Change Head tool again with the Alt key
pressed:
X!8Y
! x !9
Accidentals are easier to use in Speedy Entry. In the Speedy menu, uncheck Check Accidentals
so that no "courtesy accidental" will be used. You may also place accidentals as articulations
using the Finale Articulation Tool.
There is no special change using dotted notes.
However, for accidentals and dots, you may need the Accidental Mover and Dot tools of the
Finale Special Tool Palette, because Medieval Spacing does not take them into account.
(A
5- Liquescence ( )
In Gregorian music, the graphic appearance of a neume is sometimes altered to indicate a
complex vocal articulation. This phenomenon is called liquescence. Here again, there is a very
simple way to obtain a liquescent neume. While clicking the Neume tool, press the Alt key. Note
that not all the neumes can be liquescent. See the Fundamental Neumes Board for details.
6- White shapes (
S )
All the black note shapes (except specific Gregorian graphics like liquescence) have their
equivalence in "white" (called sometimes black-void). In order to obtain white shapes, click the
Medieval Settings tool
and check the White Notation option. Click "Ok" to close the
dialogue box ; your new entries or neumes will now be written in white.
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USING Medieval
7- Convex or concave ? (
/)
This a very specific option which allows you to decide the orientation of the ligatures. For
instance, in Gregorian square notation, you should select concave ligatures. On the other hand, in
Franconian notation, convex ligatures might look better. It is a question of choice. Click the
Medieval Settings tool
Click the Medieval Settings tool. The Position value (in EVPUs) corresponds to the offset
towards the Barline (can be negative). The Selection button opens a character map where you
can select a new direct (number 44, 45, 46 or 249 in the map). Click OK twice to confirm
your changes.
9- Choosing a clef
Your default document offers you C and F clefs in different positions. Select the Finale Clef tool
to choose a clef. With the Clef Designer (Finale Document Settings), you can easily program
other clefs which are to be found in the Neuma Symbol font. See Annex E for details.
10- Expressions and Articulations
In the default files, many extra symbols are available as Expressions and Articulations,
combining elements from Neuma, and Neuma Symbol fonts, and Shapes. For instance:
'
* J
< ,
A R V D F
Of course, You can add to your symbol librairies as you please, using the normal Finale
procedures.
See also Annexes E & F for details about Neuma and Neuma Symbol fonts.
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USING Medieval
In the Mass Mover menu, check Copy and Replace and Move Everything, and uncheck
Select Partial Measures.
Drag them directly to the target measure(s) if it is in the same page; on the contrary, select the
corresponding page and click the target measure by pressing simultaneously the Shift and
Ctrl keys. To copy the selection to another document, use Copy/Paste. All the elements of the
measures move, including the neumatic structure.
Note: In order to keep the neumatic structure, it is essential to uncheck Select Partial Measures.
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USING Medieval
!
Select the region with the Mass Mover and, by pressing the Shift and Ctrl keys, click the Split
tool
Suppose now you wish to reinitialize a group in which you did a lot of note head changes. If after
selection you click the Split tool, all the heads will change into punctums. For a "soft" init,
proceed like this:
!
Select the notes with the Mass Mover and, by pressing only the Ctrl key, click the Split tool
. The group is broken and the note heads do not change, except if they were part of a
neume.
5- Export Graphics
Medieval is extremely demanding in graphic precision. If you wish to export your medieval
scores from Finale to other softwares (for instance: Microsoft Word or Illustrator), you must use
the Graphics Finale tool.
As far as the vectorial file formats, Illustrator (on the Macintosh only) gives much more accurate
results than EPS.
Concerning the two other formats PICT and TIFF, it is recommanded to use a resolution of at
least 600 dpi (PICT is better for Acrobat or Word files).
6- Medieval and polyphony
One of the originalities of Medieval lies in the special use of the Beat Chart. However, Finale can
not deal, for the time being, with independent Beat Charts for several staves in a given measure.
Although there was very rarely in polyphonic medieval music what is now called a conductor
score - parts were more often separate -, we will introduce briefly a method with which you can
obtain a conductor like score.
Suppose you want to create a two-staff score, the second staff with 3 lines instead of 4 or 5.
With Finale 98 :
Check the same Staff Attributes as the first staff, except the number of lines (3) ;
Enter the music alternatively : for example 3 measures of the first staff, nothing on the
second, then 3 measures of the second, nothing on the first, etc.
Arrange the systems as you please with the Page Layout tool .
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USING Medieval
On the same staff, enter the music alternatively : for example 3 measures of the first
voice, 3 measures of the second voice, then 4 measures of the first, 4 of the second,
etc.
Using the Staff tool, apply the desired Staff Style (3, 4, 5 or 6 lines) to the measures
corresponding to the second voice ;
Arrange the systems using the Fit Music command and the Page Layout tool.
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USING Medieval
ANNEXES
A - Overview of Medieval's Tools
Split
Neume
Group
Change Head
Spacing
Barline
Nomine
Direct
Settings
Check
Left Arrow
Right Arrow
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USING Medieval
changes
to obtain it.
Group Tool.
In order to create complex medieval note groupings, the Grouping Notes tool gives you the
possibility to join side by side the selected notes or neumes, whatever they are. It is very
useful in post-Gregorian music.
Simple Grouping. Select notes and/or existing neumes within a measure. Click
group them together.
Stem Grouping. Select the notes and click Ctrl +
punctums and stems.
to
Spacing.
The Medieval Spacing is a new Music Spacing tool, adapted to neumatic context in
which the position of the notes is particularly important and significant. It is essential after
a lot of operations such as resizing pages or systems, moving barlines, etc.
Intelligent Spacing. Select the measures you want to respace. Applying
account the last relative position of the elements.
Standard Spacing. Click Ctrl +
Barline Tool.
Select some measures. Click
Nomine
Select a neume or a group of simple notes to know the Latin name of the neume, according
to the gregorian scholastic classification. It is more efficient in gregorian style.
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USING Medieval
Place Direct.
The direct is an optional sign indicating the position of the first note in the next system,
or after a clef change. It is very common in Gregorian music. You must set the direct into
the measure as a simple note. Click
to place automatically the direct, according to the
settings (see Medieval Document Settings).
The Check Tool.
If you add or remove notes of a measure which already contains neumes or groups, the
neumatic structure will be somewhat disturbed. Clicking
selected measures.
Adjust Time Signature : tells Medieval to adapt the Time Signature automatically.
Normally, you must keep this option checked.
Correct questionable Neumes : if unchecked, Medieval will ask you if you want
some measures to be corrected. If checked, the Check function will be automatically
applied.
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USING Medieval
Small/Big Step : step for the left and right arrow moving (unit : EVPUs).
White Notation : check this if you want white (black-void) shapes for notes or
ligatures.
Convex Ligatures : check this if you want convex rather than concave ligatures.
Favor Gregorian : If checked, the high part of the Podatus will look narrower.
Tell if Neume already exists : check this if you want Medieval to inform you when
a neume already exists (Neume tool).
Note Head Font : tell which font is used for the note heads.
Direct / Selection & Position : set the head of the Direct and the offset towards the
Barline.
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USING Medieval
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USING Medieval
Melodic Movement
X
X X
X X X
X X
X X X
X X X X
XXXX
X
XXXX
XX
XXXX
XXXXX
XXXXXX
XXXXX X
X
(punctum)
with Alt
(liquescence)
Y
XX
XXX
z
Y hh
Y hhh
Y hhh
h
Y hhh
hh
Y ?? X
Y hhh X
Y hhhh X
Y hhh
hh X
Virga
with shift
with ctrl
with ctrl
+ shift
Distropha
Tristropha
Clivis
Climacus
Climacus
resupinus
MG
Y ??
Y ???
Y ???
Y ???
Y ?? X ?
Y ??? X
Y ??? X
Y ? ?? X
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USING Medieval
Melodic Movement
X X
X X X X
XXXXX
XXX XX X
XXXXXXX
XXXXX
XXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
XX X
XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XX XXX
XXX XX X
u
u hh
u hhh
u hhhh
u hhhhh
u hh X
u hhh X
u hhhh X
uZ
uu
uu Z
u y
uXyX
XuXXX
uZ hh
uZ hhh
Podatus (Pes)
Podatus
subpunctis
Podatus
Subpunctis
resupinus
Scandicus
with Alt
(liquescence)
with shift
with ctrl
with ctrl
+ shift
(A
u ??
u ???
u ????
u ?????
u ??? X
u ? ? ? X
X(@
Qg
Scandicus
flexus
Scandicus
subpunctis
uZ ??
uZ ???
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Xu
uX Z
Xuu
USING Medieval
Melodic Movement
XXX
XXXX
XXXXX
XXXXXX
XXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXXX
X X X X
X X X
XXXX
XXXXX
XXXXXX
XXXXXXX
with Alt
(liquescence)
T
Ty
T hh
T hhh
T hh X
T hhh X
TXz
TX
Xy
XS
XSy
XSy hh
XSy hhh
Porrectus
Porrectus
flexus
Porrectus
subpun ctis
T ??
T ???
with shift
Q
Qy
with ctrl
Ty
with ctrl
+ shift
Qy
Porrectus
Subpunctis
resupinus
Torculus
Torculus
resupinus
XMH
Xy(A
XSy ??
XSy???
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QXz
QX TXy QXy
XSy
USING Medieval
d
i
a
m
o
n
d
r
e
s
t
s
X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g
h i j k l m n o p q r s t
/ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
- 26 -
USING Medieval
Characters
33-47: miscel.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
56-62: podatus (high)
8 9 ; < = >
81-87: stems
Q R S T U V W
88-119: black cyclic note head
map
XYZ[/]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
X y z { | } ~
136-142: podatus (other)
144-151: concave ligatures
152-159: special ligatures
160-167: convex ligatures
168-247: idem 88-167 in white
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USING Medieval
!
"
,
.
"
#
.
/
#
$
&
&
'
'
(
(
)
)
*
*
+
SV
]
- 28 -
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