MW Lab

EXPERIMENT - 1
REFLEX KLYSTRON CHARACTERISTICS
Objective
To study the characteristics of the reflex klystron tube and to determine its electronic tuning range.
Equipments Required
Klystron Power Supply, Klystron Tube, Isolator, Frequency Meter, Variable Attenuator, Detector Mount,
Waveguide Stand, VSWR Meter and BNC Cable
Theory
The Reflex Klystron makes the use of velocity modulation to transform a continuous electron beam into
microwave power. Electrons emitted from the cathode are accelerated and passed through the positive
resonator towards negative reflector, which retards and, finally reflects the electron, and the electron turns back
through the resonator. Suppose an HF-field exists at the resonator, the electrons travelling forward will be
accelerated or retarded, as the voltage at the resonator changes amplitude. The accelerated electrons leave at
the reduced velocity. The electrons leaving the resonator will need different time to return, due to change in
velocities. As a result, returning electrons group together in bunches. As the electron bunches pass through
resonator, they interact with voltage at resonator grids. If the bunches pass the grid at such time that the
electrons are slowed down by the voltage, energy will be delivered to the resonator; and Klystron will oscillate.
Fig. shows the relationship between output power frequency and reflector voltages.
The frequency is primarily determined by the dimension of resonant cavity. Hence, by changing the volume of
resonator, mechanical tuning range of Klystron is possible. Also, a small frequency change can be obtained by
adjusting the reflector voltage. This is called as Electronic Tuning Range.
The same result can be obtained, if the modulation voltage is applied on the reflector voltage as shown in fig.
Procedure
[A] Carrier Wave Operation:
1. Connect the components and equipments as shown in the fig.
2. Set the Variable Attenuator at the Maximum position (zero micrometer reading).
3. Set the Mod-switch of Klystron Power Supply to CW position, beam voltage control knob to fully
anticlockwise and reflector voltage control knob to fully clock wise and the meter switch to OFF
position.
4. Rotate the knob of Frequency meter at one side fully.
5. Put the multi-meter in D.C. microampere range of 250 microampere.
6. ON the Klystron Power supply, VSWR Meter and Cooling Fan for the Klystron tube.
7. Put the meter switch to beam voltage position and rotate the beam voltage knob clockwise slowly up to
300V meter reading and observe beam current on the meter by changing meter switch to beam current
position. The beam current should not increase more than 30mA.
8. Change the reflector voltage slowly and watch on the micro. Set the voltage for maximum deflection in
the meter. If no deflection is obtained, change the multi-meter switch position to 50 microampere.
9. Tune the plunger of Klystron Mount for the maximum output.
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Microwave Engineering Lab

Electronics & Tele-Communication Department
Shree Shankaracharya Engineering College, Bhilai
10. Rotate the knob of frequency meter slowly and stop at that position, when there is less output current
on multi-meter. Read directly the frequency meter between two horizontal line and vertical marker. If
micrometer type frequency meter is used.
Read the micrometer reading and find the frequency from its calibration chart.
11. Change the reflector voltages and read the current and frequency for each reflector voltage and plot the
graph as shown in fig.
[B] Square Wave Operation:

1. Connect the equipments and components as shown in the fig.
2. Set the variable attenuator to around zero position.
3. Set the range switch of VSWR meter at 40 db position, input selector switch to crystal impedance
position, meter switch to normal position.
4. Set Mod-Selector switch to AM-MOD position, beam voltage control knob fully anticlockwise direction,
reflector Voltage control knob to the maximum clockwise position and meter switch to OFF position.
5. ON the Klystron Power Supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan.
6. Change the meter switch of Klystron Power Supply to beam voltage position and rotate the beam
voltage knob clockwise up to 300V deflector in meter.
7. Keep the AM-MOD amplitude knob and AM-FREQ Knob at the mid-position.
8. Rotate the reflector voltage knob anticlockwise to get deflection in VSWR meter.
9. Rotate the AM-MOD amplitude knob to get the maximum output in VSWR meter.
10. Maximize the deflection with frequency control knob of AM-MOD.
11. If necessary, change the range switch of VSWR meter to 30 db or 50db if the deflection in VSWR meter is
out of scale or less than normal scale respectively. Further, the output can be also reduced by Variable
Attenuator for setting the output for any particular position.
12. Find the oscillation by Frequency Meter as described in the earlier setup.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A KLYSTRON 2K25
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MODES OF 2K25
SQUARE WAVE MODULATION OF THE KLYSTRON

[C] Mode Study on Oscilloscope:
1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in fig.
2. Keep position of variable attenuator at ten position.
3. Set Mod Selector switch to FM-MOD position with FM amplitude and FM Frequency knob at mid
position, keep beam voltage control knob fully anticlockwise and reflector voltage knob to fully
clockwise with meter switch to OFF position.
4. Keep the time/div. scale of oscilloscope around 100 Hz frequency measurement and volt/div. to lower
scale.
5. ON the Klystron Power Supply and Oscilloscope.
6. Change the meter switch of Klystron Power Supply to Beam Voltage position and set beam voltage to
300 V by beam voltage control knob.
7. Keep Amplitude knob of FM Modulator to maximum position and rotate the reflector voltage
anticlockwise to get modes as shown in fig. on the oscilloscope. The horizontal axis represents reflector
voltage axis, and vertical axis represents output power.
8. By changing the reflector voltage and amplitude of FM modulation, any mode of Klystron tube can be
seen on Oscilloscope.
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Observation Tables
S. No.
1
2
3
Beam Voltage
S. No.
1
2
3
Reflector Voltage
Result:
Beam Current
Output Power
Reading of Frequency Meter
Frequency
The important characteristics of the Reflex Klystron tube have been observed and measured.
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EXPERIMENT - 2
FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT
Object
To determine the frequency and wave length in a rectangular waveguide working on TE10 made.
Equipment
Klystron tube, Klystron power Supply mount, Isolator, Frequency Meter, Variable Attenuator, Slotted, Section,
Tunable probe, VSWR Meter, Waveguide Stand, Movable Short/Matched Termination.
Theory
The relation between length of the transmission line, frequency and wavelength terminated in a short circuit
are reviewed briefly as shown in figure. An output voltage wave of the quarter-wave line at a will have
phase change of 90 degree in relating to the open end. The total phase change is 360 degree and the
reflected wave is in phase with the applied wave. The different voltage and current pattern are referred to as
modes. The g/4, 3g/4, g/2 and g.
Modes of resonance are shown in the illustration. The resonant mode excited by the possible
frequency is called the fundamental mode or the dominant mode.
A better way to measure frequency is with a calibrated resonant cavity. A resonant cavity wave
mater is the analog of a tuned resonant circuit;
In general there are two primary types
1. Transmission cavities, which pass only the signal to which they are tuned; and
2. Absorption cavities, which attenuate only the frequency to which they are tuned.
An absorption type is preferred for laboratory frequency measurements.
First the power level is adjusted to give a full scale reading on the output VSWR meter then the wave meter is
tuned slowly until there is a dip in the power level.
The frequency may then the read from the dial of the meter.
For dominate mode TE10 mode rectangular wave guide the following relation is in use:
Where o = free space wavelength

g = guide wavelength
c = cut off wavelength
For TE10 mode c = 2a where a is broad dimension of waveguide
Note: from the free space wavelength calculate the frequency
Procedure
1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in fig.
2. Set the variable attenuator at MAXIMUM position.
3. Keep the control knobs of VSWR Meter as Below:Range db - 50 db position
Input Switch - Crystal low Impedance
Meter Switch - Normal position
Gain (coarse & fine) - Mid position
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4. Keep the Control knobs of Klystron supply as below:Meter Switch - OFF

Mod-switch - AM
Beam Voltage - Fully anticlockwise
Reflector Voltage - Fully Clockwise
AM-Amplitude knob - Around fully clockwise
Am-frequency knob - Around Mid position
5. ON the Klystron Power Supply, VSWR Meter and Cooling Fan.
6. Turn the meter switch of power supply to beam voltage position and set beam voltage at 300V with help
of beam voltage knob.
7. Adjust the reflector voltage to get some deflection in VSWR meter.
8. Maximum the deflection with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of power supply.
9. Tune the plunger of Klystron Mount for maximum deflection.
10. Tune the reflector voltage knob for maximum deflection.
11. Tune the probe for maximum deflection in VSWR Meter.
12. Tune the frequency meter knob to get a dip on the VSWR Scale and note down the frequency directly
from frequency meter.
13. Replace the Termination with movable short, and detune the frequency meter.
14. Move probe along with the slotted line, the deflection in VSWR meter will vary.
Move the probe to a minimum deflection position, to get accurate reading; it is necessary to increase
the VSWR meter range db switch to higher position. Note and record the probe position.
15. Move the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position again.
16. Calculate the guide wavelength as twice the distance between two successive minimum positions
obtained as above.
17. Measure the waveguide inner broad dimension a which e around 22.86mm for x - band
18. 18 Calculate the frequency by following equation:-
Where C = 3 x 10 meter/sec. i. e. velocity of light.

19. Verify with frequency obtained frequency meter.
20. Above experiment can be verified at different frequencies.
SET UP FOR FREQUENCY & WAVELENGTH MEASUREMENT
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Observation Table
S. No.
1
2
3
Beam Voltage
Beam Current
S. No.
First Minima
Position
(a)
Second Minima
Position
(b)
Frequency Meter Reading
g
2(a-b)
Waveguide
Inner Broad
Dimension
1
2
3
Result:
The frequency characteristics of klystron have been observed.
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EXPERIMENT - 3
MEASURING VSWR
Object:
To determine the standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient.
Apparatus required
Klystron tune, klystron power Supply, VSWR Meter, Klystron Mount, Isolator, Frequency Meter,
Variable attenuator, Slotted line, Tunable probe, Waveguide Stand, Movable Short/Termination or unknown
load and BNC Cable, S-S Tuner.
Theory
Standing waves are an indication of the quality of transmission. A well matched transmission line has no
reflection and consequently the VSWR is unity. The slotted line is the basic instrument. A probe is moved
along the line to sample the voltage; the output of the probe is detected and read on the VSWR meter. The
ratio between maximum voltage and minimum voltage is of course, the VSWR.
The standing wave ratio is decibel is expressed as
SWR (dB) = 20 log VSWR
Reflection co-efficient (R)
When a signal is sent down a transmission line, it travels smoothly until it reaches a discontinuity. Then some
of the energy is reflected, the size of the reflection depending on the size and nature of the discontinuity. The
size of the reflection is called the reflection co-efficient.
The electromagnetic field at any point of transmission line may be considered as the sum of two travelling
waves: the incident wave and the reflected wave. The superposition of the two travelling waves gives rise to
a standing wave along the line. The ratio of electrical field strength of reflected and incident wave is called
Reflection Coefficient. Voltage Standing Wave Ratio is defined as ratio between maximum and minimum field
strength along the line.
VSWR =
=
=
Where R =
= Reflection Coefficient
And R =
Procedure
1. Set up the equipment as shown in fig.
2. Keep variable attenuator in the minimum attenuation position.
3. Keep the control knobs of VSWR Meter as below:
Range db - 40db/50 db
Input Switch - Impedance 1-w
Meter Switch - Normal
Gain (Coarse-fine) - Mid position approx.
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4. Keep the control knobs of Klystron Power Supply as below :

Meter Switch - Off
Med Switch - AM
Beam Voltage Knob - Fully Anticlockwise
Reflector Voltage Knob - Fully Clockwise
AM Frequency &
Amplitude Knob - Mid Position
5. ON the Klystron Power Supply, VSWR Meter and Cooling Fan.
6. Turn the Meter Switch of Klystron Power Sully to Beam the Voltage position and set the beam voltage of
300V
7. Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get deflection in VSWR Meter.
8. Tune the output by tuning the reflector voltage, amplitude and frequency of AM modulation.
9. Time for maximum deflection by tuning the plunger of Klystron Mount. Also tune for maximum of
deflection by tuning the probe.
10. If necessary change the range db-switch, variable attenuator position and gain control knob to get
deflection in the scale of VSWR meter.
11. Move the probe along with slotted line, the deflection will change.
[A] Measurement of low and medium VSWR
1. Move the probe along with slotted line to maximum deflection in VSWR Meter
2. Adjust the VSWR Meter gain control knob or variable attenuator until the meter indicated 1.0 on normal
SWR scale (0- )
3. Keep all the control knob as it is move the probe to next minimum position. Read the VSWR on scale and
record it.
4. Repeat the above step for change of S.S. Tuner probe depth and record the corresponding SWR.
5. If the VSWR is between 3.2 and 10, change the range dB switch to next higher position and read the
VSWR on second VSWR scale is 3 to 10.
[B] Measurement of high VSWR
(Double Minimum Method)
1. Set the depth of S.S. Tuner slightly more for maximum VSWR.
2. Move the probe along with Slotted line until a minimum is indicated.
3. Adjust the VSWR meter gain control knob and variable attenuator to obtain the reading of 3-db of
normal dB scale (70 to 100db) of VSWR Meter.
4. Move the probe to the left on slotted line until full scale deflection is obtained i.e. 0 db on 0-10 db
scale. Note the record the probe position on slotted line. Let it be d1.
5. Repeat the step 3 and 4 and then move the probe right along with slotted line until full scale deflection
is obtained on 0-10 db normal db scale. Let it be d2.
6. Replace the S.S. Tuner and terminator by movable short.
7. Measure the distance between two successive minimum position or probe. Twice this distance is guide
wave length g.
8. Compute SWR by following equation.
SWR =
(d1 d2)
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STANDING WAVE
DOUBLE MINIMUM METHOD
Observation Table
Probe Position
On Slotted Line
(d1)
Probe Position
(d2)
First Minima
Second Minima
SWR
=
(d1-d2)
Result: The Voltage Standing Wave Ratio has been calculated.
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EXPERIMENT - 4
STUDY OF ATTENUATOR
Object:
Study of variable attenuator & fixed attenuator
Apparatus required
Microwave source, Isolator, frequency Meter, Variable attenuator, Slotted line, Tunable probe,
Detector mount, Matched termination, VSWR Meter, Test fixed and variable attenuator and accessories.
Theory
Attenuation of a network, component or device is the ration of power into it to power out .This is generally
expressed in decibels.
It should be noted that the input power in attenuation measurements is the power which is actually enters
the network .If there is a mismatch ,there will be some power reflected but this is not attenuation .the total
power reflected and power attenuated which called insertion loss .If there are no mismatch losses ,the
insertion losses is equal to attenuation .However insertion loss of a network is the difference in power
arriving at a load with and without the network in the circuit .
The attenuator is a two port device, which attenuates some power when inserted into the transmission line.
Attenuation A (db) =10 log
Where
P1 = power detected by load without the attenuator in the line
P2 = power detected by the load with the attenuator in the line
The attenuator consist of a resistive vane inside the wave guide to absorb microwave power according
its position with respect to side wall of the wave guide .As electric field is maximum at center in TE10 Mode
the attenuation will be maximum if the vane is placed at center of wave guide .moving from center toward
the side wall attenuation decrease .in the fixed attenuator the vane position is fixed where as in variable
attenuator; its position can be changed by the help by the micrometer
Following characteristics can be suited of attenuators:
Insertion loss of variable attenuator;
Input VSWR;
frequency sensitivity i.e. variation of attenuation with change in frequency at any fixed position of vane
Procedure
[A] Input VSWR Measurements
1. Connect the equipments as shown in the fig.
2. Energize the microwave source for maximum power at any frequency of operation.
3. Measure the VSWR with the help of tunable probe, Slotted line and VSWR meter as described in the
experiment of measurement of low and medium VSWR.
4. Repeat the above step for other frequencies if required.
[B] Insertion Loss and Attenuation Measurements
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1. Remove the tunable probe, attenuator and matched termination from the slotted section in the above
set up.
2. Connect the detector mount to the slotted line, and tune the detector mount also for maximum
deflection on VSWR meter (Detector mounts output should be connected to VSWR meter.
3. Set any reference level on the VSWR meter with the help of variable attenuator (not test attenuator)
and gain control knob of VSWR meter. Let it be P1.
4. Carefully disconnect the detector mount from the slotted line, without disturbing any position on the set
up. Place the test variable attenuator to the slotted line and detector mount to other port of test
variable attenuator. Keep the Micrometer reading of test variable attenuator to zero and record the
reading of VSWR meter. Let it be P2. Then the insertion loss of test attenuator will be P1 P2 db.
[C] Measurement of attenuation of fixed and variable attenuator
1. For measurement of attenuation of fixed and variable attenuator, after step 4 of above measurement.
Carefully disconnect the detector mount from the slotted line without disturbing any position obtained
up to step 3. Place the test attenuator to the slotted line and detector mount to other part of test
attenuator. Record the reading of VSWR meter.
Let it be P3. Then the attenuation value of fixed attenuator of attenuation value of variable attenuator
for particular position of micrometer reading will be P1 P3 db.
2. In case of variable attenuator, change the micrometer reading and record the VSWR meter reading. Find
out attenuation value for different position of Micrometer reading and plot a graph.
3. Now change the operating frequency and whole step should be repeated for finding frequency
sensitivity of fixed and variable attenuator.
NOTE: For measuring frequency sensitivity of variable attenuator the position of micrometer reading of the
variable attenuator should be same for all frequencies in operation.
V.S.W.R .MEASUREMENT OF ATTENUATOR
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INSERTION LOSS AND ATTENUATION MEASURMENT OF

ATTENUATOR
Observation Table
S. No.
Fixed Attenuator
Variable Attenuator
Result:
P1
P2
Attenuation
(P1-P2)
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
Attenuation in Fixed and Variable attenuator has been observed.
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EXPERIMENT - 5
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIRECTIONAL COUPLERS
Object
To study the function of multi hole directional coupler by measuring the following parameters:1. To measure main line and auxiliary -line VSWR
2. To measure the coupling factor and directivity of the coupler.
Apparatus required
Microwave source (Klystron or Gunn Diode type), Isolator, Frequency, Meter, variable attenuator, slotted line,
tunable probe, detector amount, matched terminator, MHD coupler, waveguide stands, cables and accessories
VSWR meter.
Theory
A directional coupler is a four port component in which two transmission lines are coupled in such a way
that the output at a port of one transmission line depend on the direction of propagation in the other figure
is a block diagram illustrating two transmission lines coupled in the junction. In an ideal coupler, a signal
entering port one will travel to port two & a predetermined portion of this signal will appear at one of the
other two ports .there will be zero output at the fourth port .If the main signal travels in the reverse
direction, from port two port one, the small coupled signal appear at the port which was isolated in the first
case .The coupling factor of a directional coupler is the ratio of the input power to the coupled output power,
expressed in decibels. Thus if the power out of arm there is the one hundred of power into arm one ,the
component is a 20-decibel coupler .Thus in the 20-decibel example ,since one percent of the power has gone
to arm there ,the power out of arm two must be 99% of the input .These in a 10-decibel coupler ,the power
out arm is only 90% of the input ,and in a 3-decibel coupler ,it is 50% All these examples assume that the
coupler is perfect so that no signal comes out of the fourth arm .A measure of the performance of the
directional coupler is its directivity. This is defined as the ratio, expressed in decibel of the coupling out of the
coupling arm to the unwanted signal in the fourth arm .Thus if the signal in the fourth arm is 1% of the
coupled signal, the directivity is 20 decibel .A 10 decibel coupler with 30 decibel directivity would be one in
which the power of the isolated arm was 10 decibel down from the incident, and the power out of the
isolated arm was 40 decibel down from the incident or 30 decibel below the coupled signal
Let P1=Incident power at port 1
P2= Received power at port 2
P3= Forward coupled power at port 3
The coupling factor is defined as:
Coupling (db) = 10 log
where port 2 is terminated, isolation (db) =10log10
Where P1 is mismatched
With built in termination and power entering at port 1, the directivity of the coupler is a measure of
separation between incident wave and the reflected wave .Directivity is measured indirectly as follow:
Hence directivity D (db) =10log
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Main line VSWR is SWR measured, looking into the main line input terminal when the matched loads are
placed at all other ports.
Auxiliary live VSWR is SWR measured in the auxiliary line looking into the output terminal when the matched
loads are on the other terminals
Main line insertion loss is the attenuation introduced in the transmission line by the insertion of coupler, it is
defined as:
Insertion loss (db) =10 log10
Procedure
[A] MAIN LINE SWR MEASUREMENT
1. Set up the equipments as shown in the fig.
2. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency operation as described in the procedures given
in the operations of Klystron tube and Gunn Oscillator.
3. Follow the procedure as described for VSWR measurements experiment (Low and medium SWR
measurement).
4. Repeat the same for other frequencies.
[B] AUXILLARY LINE SWR MEASUREMENT
1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in the fig.
2. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency operation as described in operation of Klystron
tube and Gunn Oscillator.
3. Measure SWR as described in the experiment at SWR measurement (low and medium SWR
measurement.
[C] MEASUREMENT OF COUPLING FACTOR, INSERTION LOSS
1. Set up the equipments as shown in the fig.
2. Energize the microwave source for particular operation of frequency.
3. Remove the multi hole directional coupler and connect the detector mount to the frequency meter.
Tune the detector for the maximum output.
4. Set any reference level of power on VSWR meter with the help of variable attenuator, gain control knob
of VSWR meter, and note down the reading (reference level) let X)
5. Insert the directional coupler as shown in second fig. with detector to the auxiliary port 3 and matched
termination to port 2 without changing the position of variable attenuator and gain control knob of
VSWR meter.
6. Note down the reading on VSWR meter on the scale with the help of range-up switch if required, let it is
Y.
7. Calculate coupling factor which will be X-Y in db.
8. Now carefully disconnect the detector from the auxiliary port 3 and match termination from port 2
without disturbing the set-up.
9. Connect the matched termination to the auxiliary port 3 and detector to port 2 and measure the reading
on VSWR meter suppose it is Z.
10. Compute insertion loss = X-Z in db.
11. Repeat the steps from 1 to 4
12. Connect the directional coupler in the reverse direction i.e. port 2 to frequency meter side, matched
termination to port 1 and detector amount to port 3, without disturbing the position of the variable
attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR meter.
13. Measure and note down the reading on VSWR let it be YD.
14. Compute the directivity as Y- YD.
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MULTIHOLE DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
MEASUREMENT OF V.S.W.R. OF M.H.D. COUPLER

Observation Table
S. No.
1
2
3
P1
Result:
P2
P3
Coupling Factor
Directivity
The parameters of Multi-hole Directional Coupler have been calculated.
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EXPERIMENT - 6
ISOLATOR & CIRCULATOR CHARACTERISTICS
Object:
To study the isolator & circulators
Apparatus required:
Klystron Power Supply, Klystron Tube, Isolator, Circulator, Variable Attenuator, Frequency Meter, Slotted
Section, Tunable Probe, Detector Mount, SS Tuner, Matched Termination, Waveguide Stands, VSWR Meter,
Oscilloscope
Theory:
By using ferromagnetic material in the transmission line and a suitably oriented magnetic field, it is possible
to fabricate microwave components which are nonreciprocal; including a three port junction which is well
matched in all three ports.
ISOLATOR
A ferrite isolator is nonreciprocal two port component which will pass microwave signals with low loss in the
forward direction but will absorb energy in the reverse direction. The VSWR must be measured in both
directions. The low insertion loss in the forward direction and the high attenuation in the reverse are also
measured just as ordinary attenuators. All of these are measured over the entire frequency band of interest.
An additional figure of merit used to describe an isolator is its back-to-front ratio. This is simply the reverse
attenuation in decibels divided by the forward insertion loss in decibels.
Input
Output
CIRCULATOR
A ferrite circulator is a multi port microwave component in which microwave energy fed into first goes only
to the second, energy fed into the second goes only into the first. Ideally, there should be high isolation from
any port to all ports other than the one next t5o it. The most common circulators are three ports or four
ports. As with isolators, the quantities to be measured are VSWR at all ports, insertion loss in the forward
direction (port 1 to port 2, etc.) and isolation between all other ports.
Port 2
Port 1
Port 3
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The important isolators and circulators parameters are-:

[1] Insertion loss:
Insertion loss in the ratio of power detected at the output port to the power supplied by source to the input
port measured with others ports terminated in the matched load.
[2] Isolation-:
Isolation is the ratio of power applied to the output to that measure at the input. The ratio is expressed in
db. The isolation of a circulation is measured with the third port terminated in a matched load. It is expressed
in decibel (db)
[3] Input VSWR:
The input VSWR of an isolator or circulator is a ratio of voltage maximum to voltage minimum of the standing
wave existing in the line with all parts except the test port are matched.
Procedure
[A] Input VSWR Measurement
1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in the fig. with input port of isolator or circulator
towards slotted line and matched load on other ports of it.
2. Energize the microwave source for particular operations of frequency.
3. With the help of slotted line, probe and VSWR meter, find out SWR of the isolator or circulator as
described earliest for low and medium SWR measurements.
4. The above procedure can be repeated for other ports or for other frequencies.
[B] Measurement of Insertion Loss and Isolation
1. Remove the probe and isolator or circulator from slotted line and connect the detector mount to the
slotted section. The output of the detector mount should be connected with VSWR meter.
2. Energize the microwave source for maximum output for a particular frequency of operation. Tune the
detector mount for maximum output in the VSWR Meter.
3. Set any reference level of power in VSWR meter with the help of variable attenuator and gain control
knob on VSWR meter. Let it is P1.
4. Carefully remove the detector mount from slotted line without disturbing and position of set up. In the
isolator/circulator between slotted line and detector mount. Keeping input port to slotted line and
detector at its output port. A matched termination should be placed at third port in case of Circulator.
5. Record the reading in the VSWR meter. If necessary change range-db switch to high or lower position
and taking 10db change for one step change of switch position. Let it be P2.
6. Compute insertion loss on P1 P2 in db.
7. For measurement of isolation, the isolator or circulator has to be connected reverse i.e. output port to
be slotted line and detector to input port with other port terminated by matched termination (in case
circulator) after setting a reference level without isolator or circulator in the set up as described in
insertion or measurement. Let same P level is 1 set.
8. Record the reading of VSWR meter inserting the isolator or circulator as given in step 7. Let it be P3.
9. Compute isolation as P1 P3 in db.
10. The same experiment can be done for other ports of circulator
11. Repeat the above experiment for other frequencies if needed.
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MEASUREMENT OF V.S.W.R. OF ISOLATOR OR CIRCULATOR
MEASUREMENT OF INSERTION LOSS & ISOLATOR & CIRCULATOR
CIRCULATOR
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EXPERIMENT NO - 7
MAGIC TEE CHARACTERISTICS
Object:
Study of Magic Tee.
Apparatus required:
Microwave source, Isolator, variable attenuator, frequency meter, slotted line, tunable probe, Magic Tee,
matched terminations, waveguide stand, detector mount, VSWR meter and accessories
Theory:
The device magic Tee is a combination of E and H plane Tee. Arm 3, the H-arm forms an H plane Tee and arm 4,
the E-arm, forms an E plane Tee in combination of arm 1 and arm 2 as side or collinear arms. If the power is fed
into arm 3 (H-arm), the electric field divides equally between arm 1 and 2 with the same phase, and no electric
field exists in arm 4, Reciprocity demands no coupling in port 3 (H-arm) if power is fed in arm 4 (E-arm), it divides
equally into arm1 and 2 but out of phase with no power to arm 3. Further, if the power is fed from arm 1 and 2,
it is added in arm 3 (H-arm), and it is subtracted in E-arms, i.e. arm 4.
The basic parameters to be measured for magic Tee are defined below :
[A] Input VSWR
Value of SWR corresponding to each port, as a load to the line while other ports are terminated in matched
load.
[B] Isolation
The isolation between E and H arms is defined as the ratio of the power supplied by the generator connected
to the E-arm (Port 4) to the power detected at H-arm (port 3) when side arms 1 and 2 are terminated in
matched load.
Hence, Isolation 3-4 = 10 log 10 P4/P3
Similarly, Isolation between other parts may also be defined.
[C] Coupling Coefficient
It is defined as Cij = 10/20
Where is attenuation/isolation in db when it input arm and j is output arm
Thus = 10 log Pi/Pj
Where P1 is the power delivered to arm 1 and Pj is power detected at j arm.
Procedure:
VSWR Measurement of the ports:
1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in fig. keeping E arm towards slotted line and
matched termination to other ports.
2. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation.
3. Measure the VSWR of E-arm as described in measurement of SWR for low and medium valve.
4. Connect another are to slotted line and terminated the other port with matched termination. Measure
the VSWR as above. As the above, VSWR of any port can be measured.
Measurement of Isolation and Coupling Coefficient
1. Remove the tunable probe and magic Tee from the slotted line and connect the detector mount to
slotted line
2. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and tune the detector mount for
maximum output.
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3. With the help of variable attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR meter, set any power level in the
VSWR meter and note down. Let it be P3.
4. Without disturbing the position of variable attenuator and gain control knob, carefully place the magic
Tee after slotted line keeping H-arm to slotted line, detector to E-arm and matched termination to arm 1
and 2. Note down the reading of VSWR meter. Let it be P4.
5. Determine the isolation between port 3 and 4 as in P3 P4 db.
6. Determine the coupling coefficient from equation given to the theory part.
7. The same experiment may be repeated for other parts also.
8. Repeat the above experiment for other frequencies.
STUDY OF MAGIC TEE
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EXPERIMENT 8
IMPEDANCE MEASURMENT
Object:
To measure the unknown Impedance with Smith chart.
Apparatus required:
Klystron Tube 2K25, Klystron Power Supply, Klystron Mount, Isolator Frequency Meter, Variable
Attenuator Slotted Line, probe, VSWR Meter, Wave guide Stand, S.S. Tuner, Moveable Short / Termination etc.
Theory
The impedance Z at any point in a line is the ratio of voltage to the current at that point. Since the voltage and
current are not necessarily in phase. Z is generally complex.
Z = R + jX
Where the real part R is called resistance and the imaginary part X is called reactance, if X is positive, the
reactance is inductive. Negative reactance is capacitive. The value of known impendence could be calculated
from the VSWR and the distance of a minimum position from the unknown impendence.
For comparison SWR can be calculate as
Reflection co-efficient (R) = ZL-Z0/ Zl + Z0

If a transmission line is terminated in its characteristics impedance, that is if ZL = Z0.
Then Z0 = Z0
if a line is terminated in short circuit , that is if ZL = 0
Z0 = characteristics impendence of wave guide at operating frequency. ZL= load impendence
The unknown device is connected to the slotted line and the SWR - So and the position of one minimum is
determined. Then unknown device is replaced by movable short to the slotted line. Two successive minimum
positions are noted. The twice of the difference between minima position will be guide-wave length. One of the
minima is used as reference for impedance measurement. Find the difference of reference minima and minima
position obtained from unknown load. Let it be d . Take a Smith chart taking 1 as centre, draw a circle of
radius equal to so. Mark a point on circumference of chart towards load side a distance equal to -d /g . Join g
the centre with this point. Find the point where it cut the drawn circle. The co-ordination of this point will show
the normalized impedance of load.
Procedure:
1. Set the equipment as shown in the fig.
2. Set the variable attenuator at maximum position.
3. Keep the control knobs of VSWR meter as below:
Range db - 50 db position
Input Switch - Crystal low impedance
Meter Switch - Normal Position
Gain (Coarse & fine) - Mid Position
4. Keep the control knobs of Klystron Power supply as below:
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5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Meter Switch - Off

Mod Switch - AM
Beam Voltage Knob - Full anticlockwise
Reflector Voltage - Fully clockwise
AM-Amplitude - Around Fully Clockwise
Am-Frequency Knob - Around Mid Position
ON the Klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling in.
Turn the meter switch off power supply to beam voltage position and set beam voltage at
300V with help of beam voltage
Adjust the reflector voltage to get some deflection in VSWR Meter.
Maximize the deflection with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of power supply.
Tune the plunger of Klystron Mount for maximum deflection.
Tune the reflector voltage knob for maximum deflection
Tune the probe for maximum deflection in VSWR meter.
Tune the frequency meter knob to get a dip on the VSWR scale and note down the frequency directly
from frequency meter.
Keep the depth of pin S.S. tuner to around 3-4 mm and lock it.
Move the probe along with slotted line to get maximum deflection.
Adjust VSWR meter gain control knob and variable attenuator unit the meter indicates 1.0 on the
normal upper SWR scale.
Move the probe to next minima point note down the SWR -= S0 on the scale, also note down the probe
position, let it be d.
Remove the S.S. Tuner and Matched Termination and place movable short at slotted line.
The plunger of short should be at zero
Note the position of two successive minima position. Let it be as d and d 1 2
Calculate g
19. Calculate d/ g
20. Find the out the normalized impedance as described in theory section.
21. Repeat the same experiment for other frequency if required.
SET UP FOR IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT
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STANDING WAVES IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT
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EXPERIMENT 9
Characteristic of Gunn Diode
Objective:
To study the following characteristic of Gunn Diode:
1. V -1 Characteristic
2. Output Power and frequency as a function of voltage
3. Square wave modulation through PIN diode
Equipments: Gunn Oscillator, Gun Power Supply, PIN Modulator, Isolator, Frequency Meter, Variable
Attenuator, Detector Mount, Waveguide Stands, SWR Meter, Cables and Accessories.
Theory: The Gunn Oscillator is based on negative differential conductivity effect in bulk semi conductors
which has two conductions bands minima separated by an energy gap (greater than thermal agitational
energies). A disturbance at the cathode gives rise to high field region which travels towards the anode. When
this high field domains reaches the anode, it disappears and another domain is formed at the cathode and starts
moving towards anode and so on. The time required for domain to travel from cathode to anode (transit time)
gives oscillation frequency In a Gunn Oscillator, the Gunn diode is placed in a resonant cavity. In this case the
Oscillation frequency is determined by cavity dimension than by diode itself.
Although Gunn Oscillator can be amplitude-modulated with the bias voltage, we have used separate PIN
modulator through PIN diode for square wave modulation. A measure of the square wave modulation capability
is the modulation depth i.e. the output ratio between 'ON and 'OFF' state.
Procedure:
1. Set the components and equipments as shown in the fig.
2. Initially set the variable attenuator for Maximum attenuation
3. Keep the control knob of Gunn Power Supply as below
Meter Switch - 'OFF'
Gunn bias knob - Fully anticlockwise
Pin bias knob - Fully anticlockwise
Pin Mod frequency - Any position
4. Keep the control knob of VSWR meter as below :
Meter Switch - Normal
Input Switch - Low Impedance
Range db Switch - 40 db
Gain Control Knob - Fully clockwise
5. Set the micrometer of Gunn Oscillator for required frequency of operation.
6. 'ON' the Gunn Power Supply, VSWR Meter and Cooling fan.
A. VOLTAGE CURRENT CHARACTERISTIC
1. Turn the meter switch off Gunn Power Supply to voltage position.
2. Measure the Gunn diode Current Corresponding to the various voltage controlled by Gunn bias knob
through the panel meter and meter switch. Do not exceed the bias voltage above 10 volts.
3. Plot the voltage and current readings on the graphs as shown in fig.
4. Measure the threshold the voltage which corresponds to maximum current.
NOTE : Do not keep Gunn Bias knob position at threshold position for more than 10-15 seconds. Reading should
be obtained as fast as possible. Otherwise due to excessive heating, gunn diode may burn.
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B. OUTPUT POWER AND FREQUENCY AS A FUNCTION OF BIAS VOLTAGE

1. Turn the meter switch of Gunn power supply to voltage position.
2. Increase the Gunn bias control knob
3. Rotate PIN bias knob to around maximum position.
4. Tune the output in the VSWR meter through frequency control knob of modulation.
5. If necessary change the range db switch of VSWR meter to higher or lower db position to get deflection
on VSSR meter. Any level can be set through variable attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR meter.
6. Measure the frequency by frequency meter and detune it.
7. Reduce the Gunn bias voltage in the interval of 0.5V or 1.0 V and note down corresponding reading of
output at VSWR meter and frequency by frequency meter.
8. Use the reading to drawn the power vs Voltage curve and frequency vs voltage and plot the graph.
9. Measure the pushing factor (in MHz/Volt) which is frequency sensitivity against variation in bias voltage
for an oscillator. The pushing factor should be measured around 8 volt bias.
C. SQUARE WAVE MODULATION

1. Keep the meter switch of Gun Power Supply to volt position and rotate Gunn bias voltage slowly so that
panel meter of Gun Power Supply reads 10V.
2. Tune the Pin modulator bias voltage and frequency knob for maximum output on the oscilloscope.
3. Concise the bottom of square wave in Oscilloscope to some reference level and note down the
micrometer reading of variable attenuator.
4. Now with help of variable attenuator coincide the top of square wave to same reference level and note
down the micrometer reading.
5. Connect VSWR to detector mount and note down the db reading in VSWR meter for both the
micrometer reading of the variable attenuator.
6. The difference of both db reading of VSWR meter gives the modulation depth of PIN modulator
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EXPERIMENT 10
PHASE SHIFTER
Objective:
To Study the phase shifter
Equipments: Microwave source, Isolators, Variable attenuator, Frequency meter, Slotted line, Tunable
probe, Phase shifter, Movable Short, VSWR meter, Cables and accessories.
Theory:
A phase shifter consists a piece of waveguide and a dielectric material inside the waveguide placed to Electric
vector of TE10 mode. The phase changes, as a piece of dielectric material is moved from edge of waveguide
towards the centre of the waveguide.
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Set up the equipment as shown in fig.

First movable short is placed at the end of slotted line.
Energize the microwave source for maximum output as particular frequency of operation.
Find out the gwith help of tunable probe Slotted line and VSWR meter. It is twice the distance
between two minima on the slotted line.
5. Find out the operating frequency by frequency meter or by relation of g
6. Find out
7. Note the record a reference minima position on the slotted line. Let it is X.
8. Remove carefully the movable short from the slotted line without disturbing any position on the set up,
place the phase shifter to the slotted line with its micrometer reading zero and then place the movable
short to the other part of phase shifter.
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Phase shift measurement

Phase shift measurement technique are based on the use of a calibrated short circuit located in a
precision waveguide section. This phase standard offers an accuracy approaching a small fraction of a
degree.
Fig. Phase shift measurement system using the slotted line as null detector.
The phase shifter is calibration by keeping the slotted section probe fixed in a position while introducing
phase. Shift with the list shifter and maintaining the null at the probe with the precision or circuit. The
phase shift is obtained from =360 d/g
Where
= Phase shift in degrees
= Guide wavelength in the calibrated shift circuit in MM.
d = displacement of the calibrated shoft circuit in MM.
An accurate calibration cannot be obtained using this technique unless the phase shifter under test and
the source are perfectly matched. Since phase shifter is not perfectly matched errors are introduced
because of the interaction between the signal reflected from the short circuit and the signal reflected
from the mismatch of the phase shifter under test.
9. Find out a new minima position let it is Y.
10. Change the position of micrometer of phase shifter and find out the corresponding position of new
minima, let it is Y.
Calculation
Since new minima is multiple of half wave length, from the short it should be possible to calculate the exact
electrical length of phase shifter. For example suppose at 106Hz a reference minima is found at X = 16.08 cm.
Now suppose that phase shifter is two wavelengths long and placed on the line as in step 8, the new minima Y=
14.90 is obtained.
Hence, short has apparently moved 16.08 = 14.90 = 1.18 centimeter. This can be written in form of as
Since the apparent movement is in the direction the short actually moved, it is added to the approximate
number of half wave lengths. The total electrical length is 2.393 wave lengths.
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The phase shift is found as below:

Multiply by 2II to give shift in radians or by 360 to give phase shift in degrees.
Phase shift in above example
=2 TT 2.393 radious
=360 2.393 degree
The phase shift for other micrometer reading position can be found as above.
o
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EXPERIMENT - 1

REFLEX KLYSTRON CHARACTERISTICS

Microwave Engineering Lab

[B] Square Wave Operation:

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A KLYSTRON 2K25

Microwave Engineering Lab

SQUARE WAVE MODULATION OF THE KLYSTRON

Microwave Engineering Lab

Reading of Frequency Meter

Microwave Engineering Lab

Where o = free space wavelength

Microwave Engineering Lab

4. Keep the Control knobs of Klystron supply as below:Meter Switch - OFF

Where C = 3 x 10 meter/sec. i. e. velocity of light.

SET UP FOR FREQUENCY & WAVELENGTH MEASUREMENT

Microwave Engineering Lab

Frequency Meter Reading

The frequency characteristics of klystron have been observed.

Microwave Engineering Lab

To determine the standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient.

Microwave Engineering Lab

4. Keep the control knobs of Klystron Power Supply as below :

Microwave Engineering Lab

DOUBLE MINIMUM METHOD

Result: The Voltage Standing Wave Ratio has been calculated.

Microwave Engineering Lab

Study of variable attenuator & fixed attenuator

Microwave Engineering Lab

V.S.W.R .MEASUREMENT OF ATTENUATOR

Microwave Engineering Lab

INSERTION LOSS AND ATTENUATION MEASURMENT OF

Attenuation in Fixed and Variable attenuator has been observed.

Microwave Engineering Lab

where port 2 is terminated, isolation (db) =10log10

Microwave Engineering Lab

Microwave Engineering Lab

MULTIHOLE DIRECTIONAL COUPLER

MEASUREMENT OF V.S.W.R. OF M.H.D. COUPLER

The parameters of Multi-hole Directional Coupler have been calculated.

Microwave Engineering Lab

To study the isolator & circulators

Microwave Engineering Lab

The important isolators and circulators parameters are-:

Microwave Engineering Lab

MEASUREMENT OF V.S.W.R. OF ISOLATOR OR CIRCULATOR

MEASUREMENT OF INSERTION LOSS & ISOLATOR & CIRCULATOR

Microwave Engineering Lab

Study of Magic Tee.

Microwave Engineering Lab

STUDY OF MAGIC TEE

Microwave Engineering Lab

To measure the unknown Impedance with Smith chart.

Reflection co-efficient (R) = ZL-Z0/ Zl + Z0

Microwave Engineering Lab

Meter Switch - Off

SET UP FOR IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT

Microwave Engineering Lab

STANDING WAVES IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT

Microwave Engineering Lab

Microwave Engineering Lab

B. OUTPUT POWER AND FREQUENCY AS A FUNCTION OF BIAS VOLTAGE

C. SQUARE WAVE MODULATION

Microwave Engineering Lab

Microwave Engineering Lab