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Theoretical Question II
2.
Electricity Problem II (8
points)
Different kind of oscillation
Lets consider the electric circuit in the figure, for which L1 10 mH ,
L2 20 mH , C 1 10 nF , C 2 5 nF and R 100 k . The switch
K being closed the circuit is coupled with a source of alternating current.
The current furnished by the source has constant intensity while the
frequency of the current may be varied.
a. Find the ratio of frequency f m for which the active power in circuit
has the maximum value Pm and the frequency difference
f f f of the frequencies f and f for which the active
power in the circuit is half of the maximum power Pm .
The switch K is now open. In the moment t 0 immediately after the
switch is open the intensities of the currents in the coils L1 and
i 01 0,1 A and i 02 0,2 A L1 (the currents flow as in the
figure); at the same moment, the potential difference on the capacitor
with capacity C 1 is u 0 40V :
b. Calculate the frequency of electromagnetic oscillation in
L1C 1C 2 L 2 circuit;
c. Determine the intensity of the electric current in the AB
conductor;
d. Calculate the amplitude of the oscillation of the intensity of
electric current in the coil L1 .
Neglect the mutual induction of the coils, and the electric resistance of
the conductors. Neglect the fast transition phenomena occurring when
the switch is closed or opened.
Problem II - Solution
a. As is very well known in the study of AC circuits using the formalism of complex numbers, a complex
inductive reactance X L L j , ( j 1 ) is attached to the inductance L - part of a circuit
supplied with an alternative current having the pulsation .
Similar, a complex capacitive reactance X C
j
is attached to the capacity C .
C
IPhO 1983
Theoretical Question II
C1 C 2
1
1
1
Y
R L1 j L 2 j j
j
( 2.0)
Y 1 j C C 1 1
1 2
R
L
L
1 2
( 2.0)
1 1 1
L L L
1
2
( 2.0)
L L1L2
L1 L2
The complex admittance of the circuit may be written as
Y
1
1
j C
R
L
( 2.0)
1
Z
1 1
j
C
R L
1
1
C
L
R
( 2.0)
2
The impedance Z of the circuit, the inverse of the admittance of the circuit Y is the modulus of the
complex impedance Z
ZZ
1
1
R
1
Y
( 2.0)
The constant current source supplying the circuit furnish a current having a momentary value i t
it I
2 sin t ,
( 2.0)
where I is the effective intensity (constant), of the current and is the current pulsation (that can
vary) . The potential difference at the jacks of the circuit has the momentary value u t
Electricity Problem II - Solution
Page 2 from 14
IPhO 1983
Theoretical Question II
u t U 2 sin t
( 2.0)
where U is the effective value of the tension and is the phase difference between tension and
current.
The effective values of the current and tension obey the relation
U I Z
( 2.0)
U 2 Z2 I2
R
R
( 2.0)
I constant
R constant
( 2.0)
the maximal active power is realized for the maximum value of the impedance that is the minimal value
of the admittance .
The admittance
1
Y
R
1
C
( 2.0)
1
R
( 2.0)
1
L C
( 2.0)
In this case
1
0.
L
( 2.0)
So, the minimal active power in the circuit has the value
Pm R I 2
( 2.0)
and occurs in the situation of alternative current furnished by the source at the frequency f m
fm
1
1
m
2
2 C L
To ensure that the active power is half of the maximum power it is necessary that
( 2.0)
IPhO 1983
Theoretical Question II
1
P
Pm
2
2 2
Z I 1 2
R I
R
2
2 1
2
R2 Z2 Y
( 2.0)
That is
2
2 1
1
2 2 C
R R
L
1 C 1
R
L
( 2.0)
The pulsation of the current ensuring an active power at half of the maximum power must satisfy one of
the equations
2
1
1
0
R C
L C
( 2.0)
The two second degree equation may furnish the four solutions
1
1 1
2R C 2 R C
4
L C
( 2.0)
R C
4
1
L C R C
( 2.0)
1 1
2 R C
4
1
L C 2R C
( 2.0)
1
allowing to obtain in the circuit an active power representing half
2
f 1 1 1 4 1
2 2 R C
L C 2R C
2
1 1 1
4
1
f
2 2 R C
L C 2R C
( 2.0)
IPhO 1983
Theoretical Question II
1 1
2 R C
( 2.0)
the bandwidth of the circuit the frequency interval around the resonance frequency having at the ends
a signal representing 1 2 from the resonance signal. At the ends of the bandwidth the active power
reduces at the half of his value at the resonance.
The asked ratio is
fm R C
C
L
f L C
fm R C1 C 2 L1 L2
f
L1 L2
( 2.0)*
Because
C 15 nF
20
L 3 mH
it results that
m 10 5 rad s 1
and
fm
C
3 15 10 9
R
100 10 3
150
f
L
20 10 3
( 2.0)
IPhO 1983
Theoretical Question II
Figure 2.1
The capacitors will be charged with charges variable in time. The variation of the charges of the
capacitors will results in currents flowing through the conductors linking the capacitors in the circuit.
The momentary tension on the jacks of the coils and capacitors identical for all elements in circuit is
also dependent on time. Lets admit that the electrical potential of the points C and D is u (t ) and the
potential of the points A and B is zero. If through the inductance L1 passes the variable current
having the momentary value i 1 t , the relation between the current and potentials is
u t L1
di 1
0
dt
( 2.0)
The current passing through the second inductance i 2 t has the expression,
u t L2
di 2
0
dt
( 2.0)
If on the positive plate of the capacitor having the capacity C1 is stocked the charge q1 t , then at
the jacks of the capacitor the electrical tension is u t and
q 1 C1 u
( 2.0)
( 2.0)
IPhO 1983
Theoretical Question II
dq 1
i 3
dt
( 2.0)
because the electrical current appears because of the diminishing of the electrical charge on capacitor
plate. Consequently
i 3 C1
du
dt
( 2.0)
du
dt
( 2.0)
di1 u
dt L
di 2 u
dt L2
( 2.0)
respectively
d 2u
di 3
dt C1 dt 2
2
di 4 C d u
dt 2 dt 2
( 2.0)
Denoting i 5 t the momentary intensity of the current flowing from point B to the point A , then the
same momentary intensity has the current through the points C and D . For the point A the
Kirchhoff rule of the currents gives
i1 i 5 i 3
( 2.0)
( 2.0)
( 2.0)
and deriving
di1 di 3 di 4 di 2
dt
dt
dt
dt
that is
( 2.0)
IPhO 1983
Theoretical Question II
u u
d 2u
d 2u
L L C1 2 C 2 2
dt
dt
1 2
( 2.0)
u 1 1 d u C C
L L dt 2 1 2
1 2
u d 2u
2 C
L dt
u 1 u 0
LC
( 2.0)
Because the tension obeys the relation above, it must have a harmonic dependence on time
u t A sin t
( 2.0)
The pulsation of the tension is
1
L C
( 2.0)
Taking into account the relations (2.43) and (2.36) it results that
d
i 3 C1 A sin t C1 A cos t
dt
i C d A sin t C A cos t
2
2
4
dt
( 2.0)
and
di1 u 1
dt L L A sin t
1
1
di 2 u 1 A sin t
dt L2 L2
It results that
( 2.0)
IPhO 1983
Theoretical Question II
1
i 1
A cos t M
L
i 1 A cos t N
2 L2
( 2.0)
In the expression above, A , M , N and are constants that must be determined using initially
conditions. It is remarkable that the currents through capacitors are sinusoidal but the currents through
the coils are the sum of sinusoidal and constant currents.
In the first moment
u 0 u 0 40V
i1 0 i 01 0,1A
i 0 i 0,2 A
02
2
( 2.0)
L1 0,01H
L 0,02 H
2
( 2.0)
C1 10 nF
C 2 5 nF
the equivalent inductance and capacity is
1 1 1
LL L
1
2
L1 L2
L1 L2
( 2.0)
2 10 4
1
H H
L
2
3 10
150
respectively
C C1 C 2
C 15 nF
( 2.0)
IPhO 1983
Theoretical Question II
1
15 10 9
150
10 5 rad s 1
( 2.0)*
The value of the pulsation allows calculating the value of the requested frequency b. This frequency
has the value f
f
10 5
Hz
2
2
( 2.0) *
u 0 A sin u 0
u0
sin
( 2.0)
1
i 01
A cos M
L
( 2.0)
i 1 A cos N
02 L2
On the other side is possible to express (2.39) as
i1 i 3 i 4 i 2
1
A cos t M C1 A cos t
C 2 A cos t
( 2.0)
1
A cos t N
L2
An identity as
A cos B C cos D
( 2.0)
only if
A C
B D
Considering (2.58), from (2.56) it results
( 2.0)
IPhO 1983
Theoretical Question II
M N 0
A 1 1
A
1
2
L1 L2
( 2.0)
For the last equation it results that the circuit oscillate with the pulsation in the relation (2.44)
Adding relations (2.55) and considering (2.54) and (2.59) results that
1 1 1
i 01 i 02 A cos
L1 L1
i 01 i 02
A
1 1 1
cos
L1 L1
( 2.0)
i 01 i 02
cos
1 1 1
A
L1 L1
cos i 01 i 02 L
The numerical value of the amplitude of the electrical tension results by summing the last relations from
(2.54) and (2.60)
u0
sin
cos i 01 i 02 L
2
2
cos sin 1
( 2.0)
u 0 i 01 i 02 L 1
A
A
A u 0 2 i 01 i 02 L 2
The numerical value of the electrical tension on the jacks of the circuit is
IPhO 1983
Theoretical Question II
A 40 0,3 10 5
150
( 2.0)
A 40 200 40 26 V
2
u0
sin
sin 40 1
40 26 26
( 2.0)
and
cos
5
26
( 2.0)
Also
1
5
arctg 1 5
tg
( 2.0)
From (2.55)
1
M
A cos
01
N i 1 A cos
02
L2
( 2.0)
1
5
0
,
1
40
26
A 0,1A
5
0
,
01
10
26
N 0,2 1 40 26 5 A 0,1 A
0,02 10 5
26
( 2.0) *
IPhO 1983
Theoretical Question II
4 26
~
cos105 t arctg 1 5 0,1 A i1 I 0
100
i1
( 2.0)
2 26
A ~i2 I 0
cos
10
arctg
1
5
0
,
1
2 100
The currents through the coils are the superposition of sinusoidal currents having different amplitudes
and a direct current passing only through the coils. This direct current has the constant value
I 0 0,1 A
( 2.0) *
Figure 2.2
The alternative currents through the coils has the expressions
~ 4 26
cos
10
arctg
1
5
1
100
~ 2 26
5
A
cos
10
arctg
1
5
2 100
( 2.0)
IPhO 1983
Theoretical Question II
i 3 10 10 4 40 26 cos10 5 t arctg 1 5 A
4 26
cos
10
arctg
1
5
3
100
4
5
i 4 5 10 40 26 cos10 t arctg 1 5 A
( 2.0)
i 2 26 cos10 5 t arctg 1 5 A
4
100
i 5 i 3 i1
8 26
cos
10
arctg
1
5
0
,
1
5 100
( 2.0)
The value of the intensity of i 5 current is the answer from the question c.
The initial value of this current is
8 26
i 5
100
5
0,1 A 0,3 A
26
( 2.0) *
4 26
4 26
~
max i1 max
cos10 5 t arctg 1 5 A
A 0,2 A
100
100
( 2.0) *