Development of a Climate

Change Policy and

Response Strategy

A very BIG Welcome and Dumelang

- Good Morning.

Training Objectives:
Equip the national climate change team with skills that will enable
them to identify appropriate policy and strategy issues
applicable to the context of Lesotho.
Provide information that will guide policy formulation and
identification of policy statements
Assist in the identification of key strategic pillars and
strategic actions to reach the expected results.

Training Objectives:
Identification of key gaps, common issues and institutional
issues to be addressed including issues of multi-sectoral and
cross ministerial implementation
Assist participants to set out clear and practical frameworks
for effective implementation of climate change programmes
and identification of guidelines on climate change actions over
the medium to long-term.
The Consultant will advise on longer term options for ensuring
continued implementation and optimization of
implementation of climate change initiatives in the country.

Training Objectives:
Make key recommendations on the basis of the diagnostics of
necessary strategic interventions including appropriate
investment models.
Provide guidance on the identification of likely consequences if
climate change is not considered in the national/ sectoral
planning.
Provide any relevant information on best practices that will
assist in policy and strategy development.

Delivered in 4 modules:
Module 1: Climate change science and vulnerabilities of Lesotho to climate
change and well as link policy to climate change. Linking climate
hazards and risks and developing a conceptual framework.to
attain Sustainable Development and Climate Change resilience.
Module 2: Framework in ensuring effective implementation of a long term
climate change programme; including formulation of policy and
strategy pillars and action. Institutional and capacity gaps
processes for identifying gaps, commonalities, cross-duplication.
Module 3: Getting stakeholders involved, stakeholder mapping and
analysis, determining and designing climate change awareness
materials at sector-level
Module 4: Benefit analyses of inaction on climate change, bests practices
and lessons from other countries.

Climate Change Policy and Response

Strategy Development.
TRAINING MODULE 1

Module 1: Three Parts:

1. Climate change science a recap
2. Vulnerabilities of Lesotho to climate
change
3. From vulnerabilities to policy on climate
change

Module 1 Part 1
Recap on climate change
science

Module 1 Part 1 Recap on climate

change science

It is important to identify the observations, Climate change

demand new observations:
What we understand, see and know?
What we need to know.
What we do not understand.
How important and or significant are the observation?

Links between climate change impacts and

vulnerabilities, food security and tourism as socioeconomic development activities (source IPCC).

What are the Drivers, Pressure and

State

Development of climate change

adaptation and GHG mitigation concepts:

CC developmental needs, adaptation and mitigation actions

DPSIR Framework definitions

Driving forces

The human influences & activities that cause environmental changes

(e.g. population growth, poverty, mining and industry).

Pressures

The current pressures from human activities (e.g. demand for water,
fossil fuels / emissions, soil and water from industry).

State

The current condition of the environment including recent trends (e.g.

existing water shortages, level of air pollution).

Impacts

The consequences of the pressures on the environment (loss of

biodiversity and ecosystem health, human health, exposure to climate
risk and sensitivity to such risk, food security).

Responses

The responses to address, correct or prevent negative impacts /

environmental damage, or conserve natural resources and maximise
opportunities

GHG emissions and Lesotho

Lesotho is a very,
very small
contributor to
GW&CC

Breakdown of the GHG emissions of the energy

sector - by sub-sector in 1994 in Lesotho. Source INC
road transport
35%

other
1%

manufacturing,
industries and
construction
4%

civil aviation
0%
agriculture,
forestry, fisheries
4%

residential
56%
commercial
0%

0.0008
0.0007

2.5

0.0006

2.4

0.0005

2.3

0.0004

2.2

0.0003

2.1

0.0002

0.0001

Million

2.6

1.9

2010

2020

2030
year

2040

2050

Population - Mil People

Annual carbon emissions from fossil fuels - Billion Tons

billion tons CO2 emission

2.7

Lesotho: population and GHG emissions current and

projections

What do we expected to see?

Atmospheric energy is changing recall a

few facts about energy!!
In physics, the law of conservation of energy states that the
total energy of an isolated system remains constantit is said
to be conserved over time. Energy can be neither created nor
be destroyed, but it transforms from one form to another.
For a closed thermodynamic system, the first law of
thermodynamics may be stated as:
=
+
or
equivalently
=

, where
is the amount of energy
added to the system by a heating process,
is the amount of
energy lost by the system due to work done and
is the
change in the internal energy of the system.

In all, there are sectoral changes

we already see.these leading to
socio-economic impacts.

Livestock production and CC

Pasture productivity
Quality (rainfall)
Quantity

Heat stress
Pests and diseases
Other impacts (e.g; erosion, fire, weeds)
Adaptation

Climate change adaptation: Challenges,

sector and context

Challenges associated
with climate variability,
global warming and
climate change
Vulnerable sectors

Vulnerability context

Increased incidence of droughts

Seasonal shifts in rainfall; Localised floods
Overflowing of large rivers
Decreased / varying river flows
Wildfires
Biodiversity loss; Health / disease outbreaks
Infrastructure; Water scarcity, Fisheries
Agriculture and food security; Livestock
Tourism
Gender equality; Dependence on climate
sensitive resources

Livestock, dairy and temperature

Developed by author

Exercise 1: Lets draw a circle of life (for Lesotho)

be as detailed as you can get!
Time allocated: 30 minutes
In Groups of 6 please discuss and compose a circle of
life for each of the following (a) a crop farmer; (b) a
livestock farmer (c) a farmer doing both livestock and
crops. PLEASE NOTE: keep notes from this exercise as you
will the information later in exercise 3. You will also be
expected to make a presentation later on during the
workshop

Module 1: Three Parts:

We are here

1. Climate change science a recap

2. Vulnerabilities of Lesotho to climate
change
3. From vulnerabilities to policy on climate
change

Module 1 Part 2
Vulnerabilities of Lesotho to
climate change

List of Vulnerable Sectors and Associated

Community Vulnerabilities
Water
Ground water resources are negatively affected by shortened
Resources rainfall season. This will result in inadequate annual recharge
of aquifers, lower water tables and drying up of springs. In
the mountains, the wetlands are drying up affecting reliability of
perennial streams.
Agriculture Crop production is adversely affected by reduced rainfall and
frequent drought occurrences. Drought and high
temperatures exacerbate incidences of diseases and pests.
Resultant crop failures lead to famine and food shortages.

List of Vulnerable Sectors and Associated

Community Vulnerabilities
Forestry

Rural communities depend on biomass fuels as a major

energy source. The resilience and regenerative capacity
of forest resources are negatively affected by extreme
climatic conditions. A decrease in forestry resources
negatively impacts on the stability of energy supplies for
both cooking and heating.

Livestock &
rangelands

Livestock production is deteriorating due to degradation

of rangelands. The net effect is increased livestock
mortality rate and quality of livestock products. Extreme
weather conditions are conducive to disease and pest
incidences.

List of Vulnerable Sectors and Associated

Community Vulnerabilities
Culture

The natural heritage and culture of the Basotho is closely linked

to the environment. Their housing, clothing, medicine and
other traditions are affected by climate change.

Health

Frequent drought occurrences result in limited availability and

quality of water leading to disease outbreaks compounded by
famine and malnutrition.
Climate change induced drought affects the generation of
hydropower.
Climate change affects soil cover (range and forest resources)
negatively. Soil erosion, desertification and land degradation
are increased by incidences of drought and flooding. The end
result is loss of soil fertility.

Energy
Soils

Grain crops, average yield,

kilogrammes

Sorghum, production and area planted

Production of wool and mohair

In response: Lesotho NAPA process identified and

prioritised eleven adaptation activities
1. Improve Resilience of Livestock Production Systems Under
Extreme Climatic Conditions in Various Livelihood Zones in
Lesotho
2. Promoting Sustainable Crop Based Livelihood Systems in
Foothills, Lowlands and Senqu River Valley
3. Capacity Building and Policy Reform to Integrate Climate Change
in Sectoral Development Plans
4. Improvement of an Early Warning System Against Climate
Induced Disasters and Hazards

In response: Lesotho NAPA process identified and

prioritised eleven adaptation activities
5. Securing Village Water Supply for Communities in the Southern
Lowlands
6. Management and Reclamation of Degraded and Eroded Land in
the Flood Prone Areas (Pilot Project for Western Lowlands)
7. Conservation and Rehabilitation of Degraded Wetlands in the
Mountain Areas of Lesotho
8. Improvement of Community Food Security Through the
Promotion of Food Processing and Preservation Technologies

In response: Lesotho NAPA process identified and

prioritised eleven adaptation activities
9.

Strengthening and stabilizing eco-tourism based rural

livelihoods
10. Promote Wind, Solar and Biogas Energy Use as a Supplement
to Hydropower Energy
11. Stabilizing Community Livelihoods which are Adversely
Affected by Climate Change Through Improvement of Small
Scale Industries

Module 1: Three Parts:

1. Climate change science a recap
We are here

2. Vulnerabilities of Lesotho to climate

change

3. From vulnerabilities to policy on climate

change

Module 1 Part 3
From vulnerabilities to policy
on climate change

Why mainstream climate change? From

climate change to vulnerability and
impacts
Climate change is a potentially significant threat to on-going
development / poverty reduction efforts
Pursuing economic growth is necessary but not sufficient to
respond to climate-related challenges
Climate change impacts are complex and require
coordination across multiple sectors
Standalone responses to climate change may distort
development priorities and foster maladaptation
An adequate, strategically designed response can bring
significant developmental benefits

Why mainstream climate change at

strategic planning levels? (1)
National level

More:
-integrated
-effective
-efficient
-sustainable
Responses

Sector
coordination

Sector 1

Biophysical
impacts

Sector 2
Allocation of
resources
across sectors

Sector 3

Socioeconomic
impacts

Why mainstream climate change at strategic

planning levels? (2)
National level
Overall guiding policy
framework
National
legislation/regulation
Exercise of some key
functions
Management of international
relations

Sector level
Operationalisation and implementation
of national policies
Sector-specific legislation/regulation
Own initiatives, development of
capacities & good practices
Trans-boundary cooperation on climaterelevant issues

Wider pool of resources

Wider ownership of response
More widespread capacity and institution building
Source: OECD (2009a)

Why mainstream climate change at lower

levels of governance?
Best levels for observing
/ understanding
development and climate
change impacts

Vulnerability and adaptive

capacity are contextspecific
Sub-national and
local levels

Most adaptation options

require local
implementation

Potential for
piloting /
pioneering
initiatives

Finding the entry points and

making the case
Preliminary assessments
Understanding the science
Understanding CCdevelopment
linkages
Understanding climate-related
uncertainties
Raising awareness and building
partnerships
National consensus and
commitment to climate-resilient,
low-emission development
Strengthening institutions and
capacities
Needs assessment
Working mechanisms

Mainstreaming CC into
policy and planning
processes
Collecting country-specific
evidence and influencing policy
processes
Mainstreaming CC in (sub)national
and sector policies, strategies,
programmes

Costing, assessing and selecting

adaptation and mitigation options
and measures

Strengthening institutions and

capacities
Learning by doing

Meeting the implementation

challenge
Budgeting and financing
Mainstreaming CC in the budgetary
process
Mainstreaming CC in monitoring
systems
Performance assessment
frameworks
Supporting policy measures
National, sector and sub-national
levels
Strengthening institutions and
capacities
Mainstreaming
as standard practice

Engaging stakeholders and coordinating within the development community

Adapted from: UNDP-UNEP (2009) Figure 3.1, p. 15

Main entry points in the national and sector

policy cycles
Recognise
climate
risks
Policy
cycle

stage
Policy
formulation
Planning

Resource
allocation
Programming &
Include climate-related
implementation
programmes/
projects
(sectoral and crosssectoral)

Allocate funding for

climate-specific actions

National level

Sector level
Include
climate
considerations in
project
selection
criteria

National long-term vision Sector policies and

National policies and
strategies
strategies
Multi-year development
Sectoral plans
plan
National budget
Sector budget envelopes
Climate-related fund(s)
Resources from fund(s)
Sector-level development Sector programming
Relocate funding to
Incorporate
plans and budgets
vulnerable or priority
climate-related
sectors/ regions

activities

Adapted from: Olhoff & Schaer (2010) Fig. 1, p. 10

Key institutional requirements for effective

mainstreaming
Cross-sectoral &
cross-level
coordination,
cooperation

Powerful champions
at national level

Effective
mainstreaming
Experience sharing,
dissemination of
good practices
Timely stakeholder
participation at
various scales

e.g. office of Prime Minister, ministries

of finance/budget/planning
Integration of new
thinking, new
research in planning
& monitoring
systems &
processes

Strengthening of
capacities of
stakeholders at
various scales

Key requirements for effective mainstreaming Availability and quality of

oClimate related information and evidence

o climate information;
o socio-economic analyses of key linkages between climate change
and development

oInstitutional strengthening and capacity building

o assessments of costs and benefits of climate change adaptation

activities;
o resources and commitment to support continuous capacity
building and institutional strengthening
o resources and technical capacity
The level of engagement of a broad range of stakeholders at all levels;
Existence of and possibility for technical support;
A mix of Top-down and Bottom-up approaches.

Do we have the right data to inform

policy?
There is a lot of I do not know and cannot tell, largely because
data and information is not available. Data must be elemental
for example number of vehicles, by age and engine size;
number of mule cattle (usually used as draft power in the rural
areas). Climate change therefore will require new data. Please
identify observations, data needed to inform climate change
strategy and policy. Participants will also consider the importance
and or significance of the climate data/observation in policy
formulation

Key stakeholders
Ministries of
Finance, Planning,
Development
Development
Partner / Donor
agencies

Ministries with
sector-specific
competences

Members of
Parliament
Sub-national / local
governments

Civil society
organisations
Research
organisations

Sector
management
agencies

Private
sector

Local
private
sector

Local citizens
& organisations

Top-down and bottom-up approaches to

adaptation
National policies &
strategies

Adaptation /
Mitigation

Subnational levels
(local in particular)
Freely adapted from Dessai & Hulme
(2004)

Stakeholder approach

Bottom-up

Focused on physical
impacts and
biophysical
vulnerability

Top-down

Model- and scenariodriven

National level incl.

sectors

Focused on prevailing socioeconomic & environmental

conditions and on social
vulnerability

Community-based
adaptation, pilot
projects

Roles & responsibilities of main stakeholders

Stakeholder group

Main roles & responsibilities

Central government (incl.

office of prime minister,
ministries of
finance/budget/planning, ...)

Leadership, performance management frameworks

Policies, standards & regulations
Allocation of budget resources
Guidance & capacity building

Local governments

Implementation of national policies

Integration with community strategies

Private sector

Preparation for losses & opportunities, risk mngt

Contribution to sustainable investments &
vulnerability reduction through development

Scientific & academic

organisations

Policy-oriented research
Support for decision making

Investment promotion agencies

Climate-proofing of investments, bridging of

development gaps

Poverty reduction organisations

Climate change adequately addressed

Adapted from:
Schipper et al
(2008)

Discussion - Questions and answers

Mainstreaming climate change into national policies and

strategies
What are the opportunities to mainstreaming climate
change in your sector or at your level and what are
the institutional and capacity needs in your
organisation to do so?

Presentation of case studies of strategic documents that

have mainstreamed climate change
identification of best practices in mainstreaming climate
change

Exercise 3: From the circle of life

(Exercise 1) determine policy statements
to address climate variability and global
warming and climate change.
Time allocated: 20 minutes

Formulation of Pillars and Strategies

Section 36 of the Constitution
of Lesotho: adopt policies
designed to protect and enhance
the natural and cultural
environment of Lesotho for the
benefit of both present and
future generations
meaningsustainable human
development, a goal which
broadly encompasses poverty
reduction, employment creation,
and provision of social services

Environmental policy as rules to use

the physical environment
Environmental policies stand as rules governing the interaction
between human beliefs, values and ideas, and the physical
environment
They provide guidelines on how to use the physical environment
within the values of a social group.
May be used to direct a community to use the physical
environment wisely within rules that will promote sustainable
development.
Often, the progression is from rules that discourage bad
practices to those that seek compliance with good practices.

Types of policies
Policies may be categorized according to the way they are
formed:
Routine policies: formulated through routine, deliberate and
slow progression of the normal steps.
Urgent reactive policies: formulated outside the normal
process, commonly to solve a crisis or emergencies (e.g.
flood, drought).
Grey zone policies: not backed by documentation but used
as if they do. May evolve to routine policies over time.
All policies, however formed, should be subjected to assessment
to judge how they impact on the environment

Nested policies:
Policies addressing the same issue may be nested with narrowly
focussed policies linked to a series of broader policies. The
nesting may be within a country or from a global to a local level.
Global level general agreement of what the rules should
be may be included in a convention. Gaps of countries which
may not sign may be expected.
Regional level interests are likely to be more similar, but
still gaps may be expected.
National policy has different enforcement rules and all are
expected to abide by the policy
Sub-national/local very detailed regulations and
enforcement

Example of nested policy global to local

Uncoordinated policies may conflict

The environment is ONE and all policies on it are interlinked.
Coordination among policies is essential. But this may be difficult
to sustain for many reasons:
Governments may have competing responsibilities which
may conflict with promoting a sustainable environment within
the limitations of their resources (e.g. job creation, food
production, etc.).
Hangover from the past when environmental policies may
not have been directed at sustainable development

Botswanas conflicting environmental

policies in the 1970s and 1980s

Policy cycle
Real-world policy-making processes are subject to intense
political pressures from different stakeholders, often with
conflicting interests.
This often leads to unpredictable decisions and outcomes. The
objective of the generic model used here is to distinguish
between different policy stages, with a view to pinpointing
opportunities for integrating climate change adaptation..

Examples of questions that could be

asked are:
The initial step establishing the context could be used to assess
whether and how the policies, plans and programmes under
consideration will be affected by climate change:
What are the main climate risks facing the country, region or
sectors?;
Which key national development priorities, geographical areas,
and/or sectors are likely to be particularly affected by climate
change?; and
Has climate change been considered in the national policies,
plans and programmes of interest?.

Step 1 Identify and list current

environmental policies and legislation
Broadly Identify policies relevant to the issue of interest
Decide on a consistent criteria for selecting policies to include in
a current environmental policy analysis, e.g. relevance to the
public and decision-makers. Criteria will depend on individual
circumstances.
Consider in your criteria some international obligations relevant
to the issue of analysis
Select a manageable number of the available policies to be
included in the analysis in a holistic manner by determining
which of the policies have the potential to have a direct impact
on the issues of concern.

Step 2 Identify performance criteria for

the selected key policies
A policy should have an in-built performance criteria at its
formulation, but sometimes this is not the case
Criteria developed may be general and descriptive or specific
and quantitative. Some examples:
Threshold: a value may be identified beyond which an
environmental system may be self-sustaining
Benchmark: evaluation of the performance of an
environmental system may be based on relative performance
when compared to known best cases under similar
circumstances

Step 3 Evaluate selected policies

Ideally, expectations should be outlined at policy formulation
in which case:
Expectations will be used to judge system performance for
outcomes (next slide)
Analysis may be made to evaluate whether original
expectations were realistic or if either expectations or the
system need to be adjusted
Where expectations were not outlined originally, policy
performance is carried out on key variables selected in Step 1
using criteria determined in Step 2

Finding the entry points and

making the case
Preliminary assessments
Understanding the science
Understanding CCdevelopment
linkages
Understanding climate-related
uncertainties
Raising awareness and building
partnerships
National consensus and
commitment to climate-resilient,
low-emission development
Strengthening institutions and
capacities
Needs assessment
Working mechanisms

Mainstreaming CC into
policy and planning
processes
Collecting country-specific
evidence and influencing policy
processes
Mainstreaming CC in (sub)national
and sector policies, strategies,
programmes

Costing, assessing and selecting

adaptation and mitigation options
and measures

Strengthening institutions and

capacities
Learning by doing

Meeting the implementation

challenge
Budgeting and financing
Mainstreaming CC in the budgetary
process
Mainstreaming CC in monitoring
systems
Performance assessment
frameworks
Supporting policy measures
National, sector and sub-national
levels
Strengthening institutions and
capacities
Mainstreaming
as standard practice

Engaging stakeholders and coordinating within the development community

Adapted from: UNDP-UNEP (2009) Figure 3.1, p. 15

 Climate Information for Climate Sensitive Planning: Generally poor data

collection systems while, where data is available, it is not standard / compatible.
Climate Resilient Development: Resilience to climatic disasters constitutes a
significant challenge..
Climate Resilient Agriculture for Food Security: Climate change, amongst other
multiple stressors, challenges the ability to achieve poverty alleviation, poverty
reduction and food security. into.
Greening of Trade elements such as Agriculture, Transport and Mining to meet
the growing demand and international pressure for goods and services
Driving Dry Economies Programmes for water management efficiency: Water
can no longer be considered a free good; Improving Water Conservation:
Improved water storage: Trans-boundary Collaboration in Water Resources
Management:
Applying a business model for sustainable forest management:
Finance and Resource Mobilisation for Climate and Development:

STOP MODULE 1