Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
By
Mr. P. JAGATEESH
Assistant Professor
QUALITY CERTIFICATE
: CE6506
Scubject
Class
: IV Year CIVIL
being prepared by me and it meets the knowledge requirement of the university curriculum.
This is to certify that the course material being prepared by Mr. P.JAGATEESH is of adequate
quality. He has referred more than five books amount them minimum one is from aborad
author.
Signature of HD
Name: N.Sathish Kumar
SEAL
Sl.No
Contents
Page No.
Pre-stressed concrete
1.2
Types of pre-stressing
1.3
Losses
18
2.2
38
2.3
41
2.4
End block
54
61
3.2
Circular pre-stressing
66
3.3
Design of pipes
70
3.4
74
Introduction
78
4.2
78
4.3
Ultimate strength
81
4.4
Horizontal shear
81
85
CE2404
LTPC3003
OBJECTIVE
A t the end of this course the student shall have knowledge of methods of prestressing advantages of
prestressing concrete, the losses involved and the design methods for prestressed concrete elements
under codal provisions.
UNIT 1
Basic concepts Advantages Materials required Systems and methods of prestressing Analysis of
sections Stress concepts Strength concepts Load balancing concept Effect of loading on the
tensile stresses in tendons Effect of tendon profile on deflections Factors influencing deflections
Calculation of deflections Short term and long term deflections Losses of prestress Estimation of
crack width .
UNIT II
DESIGN CONCEPTS
Flexural strength Simplified procedures as per codes strain compatibility method Basic concepts in
selection of cross section for bending stress distribution in end block, Design of anchorage zone
reinforcement Limit state design criteria Partial prestressing Applications.
UNIT III
CIRCULAR PRESTRESSING
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION
Analysis for stresses Estimate for deflections Flexural and shear strength of composite members.
UNIT V
General aspects pretensioned prestressed bridge decks Post tensioned prestressed bridge decks
Principle of design only.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. Krishna Raju N., Prestressed concrete, Tata Mcgraw Hill Company, New Delhi, 1998
2. Mallic.S.K. and Gupta A.P., Prestressed concrete , Oxbord and IBH publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd 1997.
3. Rajagopalan, N Prestressed Concrete, Alpha Science, 2002.
REFERENCES
1. Ramaswamy G.S.Modern prestressed concrete design, Arnold Heinimen, Newdelhi, 1990
2. LinT.Y., Design of prestressed concrete structures, Asia Publishing House, Bombay, 1995
3. David A.Sheppard, William R and Philphs, Plant Cast precast and prestressed concrete A
design guide, McGraw Hill,Newdelhi 1992
SCE
Dept of Civil
CE2404
Stages of loading
Initial stage
The member is under pre-stress but is not subjected to any superimposed external loads. Further
subdivision of this stage is possible.
1. Before pre-stressing: Concrete is weak in carrying loads. Yielding of supports must be prevented.
2. During pre-stress:
a. Steel: This stage is critical for the strength of tendons. Often the maximum stress to
which the wires will be subjected throughout their life may occur at this stage.
b. Concrete: As concrete has not aged at this stage, crushing of concrete at anchorages is
possible, if its quality is inferior or the concrete is honeycombed. Order of pre-stressing
is important to avoid overstress in the concrete.
SCE
Dept of Civil
CE2404
3. At transfer of pre-stress: For pre-tensioned members, where transfer is within a short period,
and for post-tensioned members where transfer may be gradual, there are no external loads on
the member except its own weight.
4. De-shuttering: The removal of form-work must be done after due consideration
Thus the initial pre-stress with little loss imposes a serious condition n the concrete and often controls
the design of the member.
Final stage
This is the stage when actual working loads come on the structure. The designer must consider various
combinations of live loads on different parts of the structure with lateral loads such as wind and
earthquake forces and strain loads produced by settlement of supports and temperature. The major
loads in this stage are:
1. Sustained load: It is often desirable to limit the deflection under sustained loads sue to its own
weight and dead loads.
2. Working load: The member must be designed for the working load. Check for excessive stress
and deflection must be made. But this design may not guarantee sufficient strength to carry
overloads.
3. Cracking load: Cracking in a pre-stress member signifies a sudden change in bond and shearing
stresses. This stage is also important
4. Ultimate load: This strength denotes the maximum load the member can carry before collapse.
1.3 Losses
Elastic Shortening (ES) Cl 18.5.2.4
Shortening in steel that occurs as soon as Fi is transferred to the concrete member and the member as
a whole shortens.
Note: The value of Fo may not be known, but it is not necessary, as the losses from Fi to Fo is only a
small percentage of Fi . Total accuracy is relative anyway, as Ec the youngs modulus of concrete
cannot be determined accurately.
Therefore
SCE
Dept of Civil
CE2404
ES = E s
concrete member and the member as a whole shortens. Thus is the shortening in the
member due to Fi at the level of steel.
fc
EC
FO
AC E C
Since f c is the stress in concrete at level of steel and is
ES
FO
ES
AC E C
Taking
ES
FO
AC
ES
EC
FO
ES
AC E C
FO
AC
As Fo cannot be estimated, Fi can be used to calculate ES.
at level of steel
Fi
AC E C AS E S
ES E s
Es
Fi
AC EC AS E S
nFi
AC nAS
Taking At AC EC AS E S
SCE
Dept of Civil
CE2404
ES
nFi
AT
whichever way the ES is calculated
If external loads are acting on the member, then concrete, then concrete stress due to
all loads at level of steel must be determined.
FO FO e 2 M G e
f c
I
I
AG
Note: AG , the gross-area, instead of the transformed sectional area, leads to simpler calculations and
fairly accurate results.
FO
AG
ES nf c
Creep (CR) Cl 18.5.2.1
Among the many factors affecting creep are volume to surface ratio, age of concrete at time of prestress, relative humidity, type of concrete (lightweight / normal). Creep is assumed to occur in the
member after permanent loads are imposed after pre-stress. Creep occurs over a long period of time
under sustained load. Part of initial compressive strain induced in concrete immediately after transfer is
reduced by the tensile strain produced by superimposed permanent loads.
CR n f cir f cds f c
n
ES
EC
SCE
Dept of Civil
CE2404
f cds = stress in concrete at steel level due to superimposed dead loads applied to the
member after transfer of pre-stress
Shrinkage strain
Cl 5.2.4.1
log 10 t 2
may be increased by 50% in dry condition
but not more than 0.0003
Relaxation of steel (RE) Cl 18.5.2.3
When elongation is sustained over pre-stressing cable for a long time, the pre-stress will decrease
gradually. The RE loss due to relaxation depends on type of steel, time, as well as the ratio of
fi
where f i is the initial pre-stress and f p is the characteristic strength of steel.
fp
RELAXATION LOSS
N/mm2
0.5 fp
0.6 fp
35
0.7 fp
70
0.8 fp
90
SCE
Dept of Civil
CE2404
The loss is caused by a fixed shortening of the anchorages, so the percentage loss is
higher in shorter wires than in long ones.
If a tendon is stressed to 1035 MPa, with E s 210 5 MPa and the anchorage slips by 2.5 mm,
Total
1035
0.005175
210 5
2.5
100 16%
15.53
2.5
100 1.6% only
155.30
SCE
Dept of Civil
CE2404
For straight or moderately curved structures, with curved or straight cables, the value of pre-stressing
force Px at a distance x meters from tensioning end and acting in the direction of the tangent to the
curve of the cable, shall be calculated as below:
Px = Poe ( + kx ).
Where Po = pre-stressing force in the pre-stressed steel at the tensioning end acting in the direction of
the tangent to the curve of the cable, = cumulative angle in radians through which the tangent to the
cable profile has turned between any two points under consideration, = coefficient of friction in curve;
unless otherwise proved by tests, may be taken as: 0.55 for steel moving on smooth concrete, 0.30 for
steel moving on steel fixed to duct, and 0.25 for steel moving on lead, k = coefficient for wobble or wave
effect varying from 15 104 to 50 104 per meter. The expansion of the equation for Px for small
values of ( + kx) may be Px = Po (1 kx).
Examples
To calculate ES in Pre-tensioned beam - eccentric tendon
A pre-tensioned beam of 100 mm x 300 mm is pre-stressed by straight wires with Fi = 150 kN at an e =
50 mm. E S = 2.1x105 MPa, E C = 0.35x105 MPa and AP = 188 mm2. Estimate ES.
AG
= 100 x 300
= 30000 mm2
100 300 3
=
12
= 225x106 mm4
SCE
2.10
0.35
= 6.0
Dept of Civil
CE2404
Fi Fi e 2
fc
AG
I
15010 3 15010 3 50 50
=
30000
22510 6
= -6.67 MPa
ES
= 6 6.67
= 40.02 MPa
Loss
fc
ES nf c
40.02188
15010 3
= 5.02%
Fi
= 1035 x 780
= 807.30 kN
AG
= 380 x 380
= 144400 mm2
AC
= AG - AS
= 144400 780
AT
SCE
= 143620 mm2
= AC + nAS
Dept of Civil
CE2404
= 143620 + 6x780
n
fc
2.00
0.33
= 6.0
Fi
AT
fc
807.3010 3
=
148300
= -5.44 MPa
= 65.44
= 32.66 MPa
= 0.90x807.30
= 726.57 kN
ES nf c
ES
If Fo 0.9Fi
FO
fc
fc
ES
FO
AG
=
726.57 10 3
144400
= 5.03x6
= 5.03 MPa
= 30.18 MPa
SCE
Dept of Civil
CE2404
Aw
52
4
Fi
= 18x19.63x840
200 300 3
=
12
eeq
f CTop
f CTop
f CBot
SCE
= 19.63 mm2
= 296.81 kN
= 450x106 mm4
2.10
0.315
= 6.67
1519.6384085 319.63840125
1819.63840
= 50 mm
Fi Fi e
y
I t
AG
=
296.8110 3 296.8110 3 50
125
60000
45010 6
= -0.824 MPa
Fi Fi e
y
I t
AG
Dept of Civil
CE2404
f CBot
296.8110 3 296.8110 3 50
85
60000
450 10 6
= -7.75 MPa
ES nf c
ESTop
= 6.67 0.824
= 5.50 MPa
ESBot
= 6.67 7.75
= 51.69 MPa
The loss in the 1st tendon is due to the shortening of concrete by the pre-stressing of the previous 3
tendons. We can assume that Fi in each of these tendons are constant and f c n
Fi
.
AG
= 6
31951035
380 380
= 25.16 MPa
21951035
380 380
= 16.77 MPa
SCE
= 6
Dept of Civil
CE2404
= 6
11951035
380 380
= 8.39 MPa
= 12.58 MPa
When there are many cables, it is quite enough to assume that ESav
Thus ESav
1
25.16
2
1
of the loss in the 1st cable.
2
= 12.58 MPa
If it is desired that there should be no loss at all, then the cables can be overstressed before anchorage.
So,
= 1060.16 MPa
= 1051.77 MPa
= 1043.39 MPa
f i in 4th cable
= 1035.00 MPa
SCE
Dept of Civil
CE2404
= 1.6
2.00
0.35
Aw
72
4
Fpe
= 5x38.45x1200
AG
= 300 x 100
f cir
F pe
AG
100 300 3
12
Fpe e
I
=
CR
SCE
T.2c.1, Cl 5.2.5.1
= 5.71
= 38.45 mm2
= 230.7 kN
= 30000 mm2
= 225x106 mm4
y
230700 230700 50
50
30000
22510 6
= 1.6 5.7110.25
= -10.25 MPa
= 93.64 MPa
Dept of Civil
CE2404
= 28 days
sh
0.0002
log 10 t 2
=
SH
Cl 5.2.4.1
0.0002
log 10 28 2
= sh E S
= 1.35x10-4 x (2x105)
fp
= 27 MPa
= 1200 MPa
f pe
f pe
= 1.35x10-4
1200
1715
= 0.699
70 %
f pe
RE
= 0.70 f p
= 70 MPa T.4, Cl 18.5.2.3
SCE
Dept of Civil
CE2404
8y
, the cable being considered a parabola of segment length = x and
x
= 0.35
= 0.0015 / m
y = central sag.
Cable
KL
mm
mm
rad
KL
e KL
Stress @
end of seg
10000
0.015
100
0.08
0.028
0.043
0.958
0.958F1
10000
0.015
50
0.04
0.014
0.029
0.971
0.931F1
10000
0.015
0.015
0.985
0.917F1
Loss
= 1 0.917
= 0.08
= 8%
SCE
Dept of Civil
CE2404
Segment
KL
Loss
KL
e KL
Stress @
end of seg
rad
AB
5.334
0.014
0.014
0.986
0.986F1
BC
7.620
0.020
0.167
0.067
0.087
0.917
0.904F1
CD
5.334
0.014
0.014
0.986
0.892F1
DE
3.048
0.008
0.100
0.040
0.048
0.953
0.850F1
= 1 0.850
= 0.15
= 15%
SCE
Dept of Civil
CE2404
DESIGN CONCEPTS
Flexural strength Simplified procedures as per codes strain compatibility method Basic concepts in
selection of cross section for bending stress distribution in end block, Design of anchorage zone
reinforcement Limit state design criteria Partial prestressing Applications.
Different concepts
Different concepts can be applied to the analysis if PSC concrete beams, namely
1. Pre-stressing transforms concrete into an elastic material.
2. Pre-stressing is a combination of high-strength steel and concrete.
3. Pre-stress balances loads.
Elastic material
This concept treats concrete as an elastic material and is the most common among engineers. Here
concrete is visualized as being subjected to:
1. Internal pre-stress
2. External loads.
So long as there are no cracks in the section, the stresses, strains and deflections of the concrete due to
the two systems of forces can be considered separately and superimposed if needed.
Due to a tensile pre-stressing force F, thee resulting stress at a section is given below.
SCE
Dept of Civil
CE2404
F Fey My
A
I
I
The concrete stress at a section due to pre-stress f is dependant only on the magnitude and location of
pre-stress at that section, ie., F and e, regardless of how the tendon profile varies elsewhere along the
beam.
Ex 1
A pre-stress concrete rectangular beam of size 500 mm x 750 mm has a simple span of 7.3 m and is
loaded with a udl of 45 kN/m including its self-weight. An effective pre-stress of 1620 kN is produced.
Compute the fiber stresses in concrete at mid-span section.
SCE
Dept of Civil
CE2404
F
A
= 1620 kN
= 500 x 750
= 375000 mm2
= 145 mm
e
I
500 750 3
12
750
2
= 375 mm
45 7.3 2
8
= 299.76 kN-m
F Fey My
A
I
I
1620000 1620000145375 299.7610 6 375
375000
1.7581010
1.7581010
SCE
Dept of Civil
CE2404
f top
= -5.70 MPa
f bot
= -2.94 MPa
C Cey
A
I
[Note: Stresses are calculated with force and eccentricity in concrete. e is the eccentricity of C, the
compressive force in concrete.]
Ex 2
Solve Ex.1 using this concept.
SCE
Dept of Civil
CE2404
45 7.3 2
8
= 299.76 kN-m
C=T
= 1620 kN
Lever arm a
M
C
299.7610 6
162010 3
C acts at
= 185 + 230
e for C
= 415
= 185 mm
= 415 mm from top
750
2
= 40 mm
C Cey
A
I
=
375000
1.7581010
= 4.32 1.38
f top
= 4.32 1.38
= -5.70 MPa
f bot
= 4.32 1.38
= -2.94 MPa
Load balancing
The effect of pre-stressing is considered as the balancing of gravity loads so that the member under
bending will not be subjected to flexural stresses under a given loading condition.
wup
SCE
8Pe
L2
Dept of Civil
CE2404
wup
4Pe
L
wup
Pe
aL
8Fh
l2
F My
Ex 3
Solve Ex.1 using this concept.
SCE
Dept of Civil
CE2404
wb
8Fh
l2
81620 0.145
7.3 2
wb
Net udl
= 45.0 35.30
fc
fc
9.7 7.3 2
8
F My
A
I
1620000 64.6010 6 375
375000
1.7581010
= 4.32 1.38
f top
= 4.32 1.38
= -5.70 MPa
f bot
= 4.32 1.38
= -2.94 MPa
SCE
Dept of Civil
CE2404
If
F
fc
F
where A is the area of concrete
A
Using the transformed method, stress in concrete is uniform even at the level of steel
fc
Fi
AC nAS
F
Fi
or i
AT
AG
Stress in steel
fs
= n fc
=
nFi
AC nAS
nFi
Which represents the immediate reduction in pre-stress in steel at transfer.
AT
nFi
where A G is the gross area, the error being about 2% to 3 %
AG
SCE
Dept of Civil
CE2404
AG
= 200 x 300
= 60000 mm2
Fi
= 520 x 1035
= 538.20 kN
fc
538.20 10 3
at level of steel
60000
= -8.97
ES
= 6 8.97
= -53.82 MPa
= 981.00 MPa
Fe
AG
981 520
60000
= -8.50 MPa
Fi
= 1035 x 520
= 538.20 kN
= 150 50
= 50 mm
AG
= 200 x 300
= 60000 mm2
SCE
Dept of Civil
CE2404
fc
200 300 3
12
Fi
F e2
i at level of steel
AG
I
538.2010 3 538.2010 3 50 50
60000
45010 6
fc
= -11.96 MPa
= 611.96
= 71.76 MPa
ES nf c
ES
Fe
= 963.24 MPa
= 500.88 kN
Fe Fe e
y
AG
I
500.8810 3 500.8810 3 50
150
60000
45010 6
= 8.348 8.348
f top
= 8.348 8.348
= 0 MPa
f bot
= 8.348 8.348
= -16.70 MPa
Fi
AG
In that case
fc
SCE
500.8810 3
60000
= 8.348
Dept of Civil
CE2404
ES nf c
ES
= 6 x 8.348
= 53.82 MPa
= 981.18 x 520
= 981.18 MPa
= 510.21 kN
510.2110 3 510.2110 3 50
150
60000
45010 6
f top
= 8.50 8.50
= 0 MPa
f bot
= 8.50 8.50
= -17.0 MPa
Which show that the approximate method is fast and quite accurate.
Fi
= 1035 x 520
Fe
= 0.95 x Fi
= 0.95 x 538.20
= 538.20 kN
= 511.29 kN
= 150 50
= 50 mm
AG
= 200 x 300
= 60000 mm2
200 300 3
=
12
SCE
Dept of Civil
CE2404
Fe Fe e
y
AG
I
511.2910 3 511.2910 3 75
150
60000
45010 6
= 8.52 12.78
f top
= 8.52 12.78
= 4.26 MPa
f bot
= 8.52 12.78
= -21.30 MPa
fc
M
y
I
The resulting stress in concrete due to both the pre-stress and loads is:
fc
F Fe
M
y
y
A I
I
Fi
SCE
= 1575 kN
Dept of Civil
CE2404
Fe
= 1350 kN
= 300 175
= 125 mm
AG
= 300 x 600
= 180000 mm2
300 600 3
12
MG
4.510 3 12 2
8
= 81 kN-m
ML
= 45 4.5
= 202.5 kN-m
MT
= 81 + 202.5
= 283.50 kN-m
Initial condition
fc
Fi Fi e
M
y
y
A
I
I
=
300
300
180000
540010 6
540010 6
f cTop
= -2.31 MPa
f cBot
= -15.19 MPa
Final condition
fc
Fe Fe e
M
y
y
A
I
I
=
300
300
180000
540010 6
540010 6
f cTop
SCE
= -13.87 MPa
Dept of Civil
CE2404
f cBot
= -1.13 MPa
Fe
= 1350 kN
MT
= 81 + 202.5
= 210 125
283.5010 6
135010 3
C = Fe
fc
= 283.50 kN-m
= 210 mm
= 85 mm
= 1350 kN
C Cey
A
I
=
135010 3 135010 3 85
300
180000
540010 6
= 7.5 6.37
f cTop
= 7.5 6.37
= -13.87 MPa
f cBot
= 7.5 6.37
= -1.13 MPa
SCE
Dept of Civil
CE2404
In pre-stress concrete resistance to external bending moments is furnished by a lengthening of the lever
arm between the resisting forces C and T which remain relatively unchanged in magnitude.
After cracking, the stress in pre-stressing steel increases rapidly with moment.
The following sketch explains the variations of the stress in pre-stressing steel f p with increasing load.
The variations are shown for bonded and un bonded tendons.
After the pre-stress is transferred while the member is supported at the ends, the stress will tend to
increase from the value after losses f po due to the moment under self weight. Simultaneously the stress
will tend to drop due to the time dependent losses such as creep, shrinkage and relaxation. The
effective pre-stress after time dependent losses is denoted as f pe .
SCE
Dept of Civil
CE2404
Due to the moment under service loads, the stress in the pre-stressing steel will slightly increase from
f pe . The increase is more at the section of maximum moment in a bonded tendon as compared to the
increase in average stress for an un bonded tendon.
The stress in a bonded tendon is not uniform along the length. Usually the increase in stress is neglected
in the calculations under service loads. If the loads are further increased, the stress increases slightly till
cracking.
After cracking, there is a jump of the stress in the pre-stressing steel. Beyond that, the stress increases
rapidly with moment till the ultimate load. At ultimate, the stress is f pu .
Similar to the observation for pre-cracking, the average stress in an un bonded tendon is less than the
stress at the section of maximum moment for a bonded tendon.
As discussed above, at the section of maximum moment, the stresses in the un bonded tendon
increases more slowly than that for bonded tendon. This is because any strain in an un bonded tendon
will be distributed throughout its entire length.
If MR is the resultant moment in at a cross-section of a bonded beam and the beam deflects downwards,
there is an increase in steel stress due to this bending given by
f s nf c n
MR
y
I
Let M be the moment at any given point of an un bonded beam, f c the stress in concrete at a section,
fc
M
y
I
f
M
y
Ec Ec I
SCE
Dept of Civil
CE2404
M
dx
ydx
Ec I
ydx
L
E c IL
f s E s
E M
s
ydx
L
E c IL
n M
ydx
L I
Bonded tendon:
Fi
= 1600 x 950
= 1520 kN
Fe
= 1600 x 820
= 1312 kN
SCE
Dept of Civil
CE2404
e at mid span
= 125 mm
= 300 x 600
300 600 3
12
= 180000
= 5400 x106 mm4
wt ws wG
= 4.5 + 11.0
= 15.50 kN/m
wt l e 2
MT
8
15.510 3 12 2
8
= 279 kN-m
Moment due to Fe
MR
= 1312 x 125
= -164 kN-m
= 279 164
= 115 kN-m
At level of steel
fc
MR
y
I
=
11510 6
125
540010 6
= 2.66 MPa
f s
= nf c
Resultant f s
= 6 x 2.66
= 15.97 MPa
= 820 + 16
= 836 MPa
Un bonded beam
f s
SCE
L I
ydx
Dept of Civil
CE2404
2
x
M M o 1
L
2
2
x
y y o 1
L
2
2
x
n 2
f s
M o y o 1 dx
LI L
l
2
2
f s
nM o y o
8n M o y o
where
is the stress at mid span of a bonded beam = 16 MPa.
15 I
I
f s
8
16
15
Resultant f s
= 8.53 MPa
= 820 + 8.53
= 828.53 MPa
Cracking moment
Moments producing first crack in a pre-stressed concrete beam, assuming cracks start when tensile
stress in the extreme fiber of concrete reaches its modulus of rupture, f cr ,
f cr 0.7 f ck
cl 5.2.2
f cr
Fe Fe e
M
y y or
A
I
I
M Fe e
SCE
Fe I f cr I
Ay
y
Dept of Civil
CE2404
Example
For the problem in 6.3.1 compute the total dead and live load that can be carried by the beam for (a)
zero tensile stress at bottom fiber and (2) cracking in the bottom fiber assuming f cr 4.2MPa and Fe =
1350 kN.
To obtain zero stress in the bottom fiber, the center of pressure must be located at the top kern point
a
= (e+kt)
= 125 + 100
= Fe x a
= 1350000 x 225
wT
= 225 mm
= 303.75 kN-m
8M
l2
=
8 303.7510 6
12000 2
= 16.87 kN/m
f cr I
y
4.2 540010 6
300
= 303.75 + 75.60
wT
SCE
8 379.3510 6
12000 2
= 75.6 kN-m
= 379.35 kN-m
= 21.07 kN/m
Dept of Civil
CE2404
At transfer:
At working load
Top:
Fi Fi e M G
f tt (1)
A Zt
Zt
Top:
Fe Fe e M G M L
f cw (3)
A Zt
Zt
Zt
Bot:
Fi Fi e M G
f ct (2)
A Zb
Zb
Bot:
Fe Fe e M G M L
f tw (4)
A Zb
Zb
Zb
Taking
SCE
Fe
Fi
Dept of Civil
CE2404
Fi Fi e
f
A Zt
tt
MG
(1)
Zt
Fi Fi e
f
A Zb
ct
MG
(2)
Zb
F F e M
M
i i G L f cw (3)
Zt
A Z t Z t
F F e M
M
i i G L f tw (4)
Zb
A Z b Z b
M
M M
f tt G G L f cw (3)
Zt Zt
Zt
M
M M
f ct G G L f tw (4)
Zb Zb
Zb
M G 1n M L
f cw f tt f tr (3)
Zt
M G 1n M L
f tw f ct f cr (4)
Zb
M 1 n M L
Zt G
(5)
f tr
M 1 n M L
Zb G
(6)
f cr
ft
fb
Fi
A
Fi
A
f t f tt
f b
Fi e
Zt
Fi e
Zb
MG
(7) form Eq.1
Zt
M G M L
f tw (8) from Eq.4
Zb
Zb
M ML
1
f b f tw G
Zb
SCE
(8)
Dept of Civil
CE2404
Also, since:
ft
Fi Fi e
(a)
A Zt
fb
Fi Fi e
(b)
A Zb
Fi e f t Fi Z (a)
t
fb
Fi
F Z
f t i t (b)
A Zb
A
fb
Fi Z b Z t
Z
f t t
A Zb
Zb
Fi bf Zb tf Zt
(9)
A
Zb Zt
1 e
f t Fi (a )
A Z t
1
e
f b Fi
A Z b
(b )
f t Z b Ae Z t
f b Z t Ae Z b
Ae
Z b Z t f b f t
(10)
ft Zt fb Zb
Remember, in these equations:
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Dept of Civil
CE2404
f t f tt
MG
Zt
M ML
1
f b f tw G
Zb
When MG is large as will be the case for long span and/or heavy girders, the computed eccentricity e
from Eq.10, may fall below the bottom of the beam. In that case, the e available is worked out and Fi is
increased suitably.
Fi for know eccentricity e working load is:
fb
Fi Fi e 1
M ML
from Eq.4
f tw G
Zb
A Zb
fb
Fi
A
Fi e
Zb
Z Ae
Fi b
AZ b
f AZ
Fi b b (11)
Z b Ae
2.3 Permissible stresses for flexure member
Steel Cl 8.5.1
Steel stress for pre-tensioned tendons immediately after transfer or post-tensioned tendons after
anchorage is:
f pi 0.87 f pu
Where f pi = Maximum initial pre-stress, and f pu = Ultimate tensile stress in tendon.
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Dept of Civil
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Concrete stress at service loads after transfer and after losses in extreme fiber
Compression
Example
Depth not restricted - beam
Design a post-tensioned beam of le = 12 m to carry a live load of 12 kN/m throughout its length. The
width of beam b = 250 mm. f ct f cw 17MPa and f tt f tw 1.4MPa . = 0.85.
SCE
= h mm
= 250h mm2
Dept of Civil
CE2404
2
2412
0.25
1000
=
8
MG
ML
1212 2
8
= 0.108h kN-m
= 216 kN-m
f cr f tw f ct
= 1.4 0.8517
f cr
Zb
= 15.85 MPa
MG 1 n ML
(6)
f cr
=
10 6 216 0.0162h
15.85
250h 2
=
6
Z b also
From which
h
= 580 mm
= 250 x 580
Zt = Zb = Z
250 580 2
6
MG
MG
Zt
= 1.4
SCE
= 14x106 mm3
= 62.64 kN-m
f t f tt
fb
= 145x103 mm2
62.6410 6
1410 6
M ML
1
f tw G
Zb
= 5.87 MPa
Dept of Civil
CE2404
1
62.64 21610 6
1.4
0.85
1410 6
= -21.76 MPa
Fi bf Zb tf Zt
(9)
A
Zb Zt
=
Fi
Ae
= 7.945
= 1152 kN
Z b Z t f b f t
(10)
ft Zt fb Zb
=
= 24.3436x10
= 167.89 mm
SCE
= 0.80
Dept of Civil
CE2404
= 1000 X 380
Zt = Zb = Z
ws
= 1 x 0.38 x 24
MG
9.1210 2
=
8
ML
2510 2
8
= 312.50 kN-m
MG
Z
114 10 6
24.07 10 6
= 4.74
ML
Z
312.510 6
=
24.07 10 6
= 12.98
= 0.7 4.74
= 5.44 MPa
1000 380 3
12
4572.6610 6
380
= 9.12 kN/m
= 114 kN-m
At mid-span
f t f tt
fb
MG
Zt
M ML
1
f tw G
Zb
1
0.7 4.74 12.98
0.8
Fi bf Zb tf Zt
(9)
A
Zb Zt
=
SCE
= -21.275 MPa
= 7.9175
Dept of Civil
CE2404
Fi
Ae
= 3008.65 kN
Z b Z t f b f t
(10)
ft Zt fb Zb
=
e mid-span
= 40.6081 x10 6
= 106.86 mm
At support
MG = ML = 0
e at support
= 68.944
Fi Fi e M G
f tt (1)
Zt
A Zt
Fe Fe e M G M L
f tw (4)
A Zb
Zb
Zb
ie.
M
Fi
Fe M
i G L f tw (4)
Zb
Zb
Zb
A
Fi
M
M
1 G L f tw f tt
A
Z
Z
2 0.8
Fi
1 0.8 4.74 12.98 0.7 0.8 0.7 from which
A
Fi
= 3009 kN
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Dept of Civil
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M
M
Fi e
1 G L f tw f tt
Z
Z
Z
2 0.8
Fi e
1 0.8 4.74 12.98 0.7 0.8 0.7
A
e at mid-span
= 106.358 mm
At support
MG = ML = 0
Fi Fi e
0 f tt (1)
A Zt
300910 6 300910 6 e
0.7
380000
24.07 10 6
e at support
= 68.944
Spacing of cables
Fi
= 3009 kN
Spacing =
= 360 kN
=
300910 3
36010 3
1000
9
9 Nos
= 112 mm c/c
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Dept of Civil
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= 0.80
= h mm
Width of slab
= 1000 mm
= 1000h mm2
h
2
24 10
1
1000
=
8
MG
ML
2510 2
8
= 0.3 kN-m
= 312.5 kN-m
f cr f tw f ct
f cr
Zb
= 0 0.815
= 12 MPa
MG 1 n ML
(6)
f cr
=
SCE
10 6 312.5 0.06h
12
Dept of Civil
CE2404
100h 2
=
6
Z b also
From which
h
= 410 mm
= 1000 x 410
Zt = Zb = Z
= 410000 mm2
1000 410 2
6
= 28.02x106 mm3
MG
= 123 kN-m
f t f tt
MG
Zt
= 0
fb
12310 6
28.0210 6
M ML
1
f tw G
Zb
123 312.5010 6
0
=
0.8
28.0210 6
= 4.39 MPa
= -91.43 MPa
Fi bf Zb tf Zt
(9)
A
Zb Zt
=
Fi
19.43 4.39
2
= 7.52 x 410000
= 7.52
= 3083.20 kN
Z b Z t f b f t
Ae
(10)
ft Zt fb Zb
28.0210 6 19.43 4.39
=
4.39 19.43
e mid-span
SCE
= 443.774 x106
= 108.24 mm
Dept of Civil
CE2404
No of cables
Spacing =
3084 10 3
=
500 10 3
1000
7
7 Nos
= 143 mm c/c
= 0.80
= 9600 mm2
= 80 X 120
Zt = Zb = Z
ws
= 0.08 x 0.12 x 24
= 0.23 kN/m
MG
0.23 3 2
=
8
= 0.2592 kN-m
ML
= 41
= 4.0 kN-m
SCE
80 120 3
12
11.5210 6
120
Dept of Civil
CE2404
MG
Z
0.259210 6
0.19210 6
= 1.35
ML
Z
4.0 10 6
0.192 10 6
= 20.83
At mid-span
f t f tt
MG
Zt
= 0 1.35
M ML
1
f b f tw G
Zb
= 1.35 MPa
1
1.4 1.35 20.83
0.8
= -25.975 MPa
Fi bf Zb tf Zt
(9)
A
Zb Zt
=
Fi
Ae
25.975 1.35
2
= 12.3125 x 9600
= 0.213x10
= 22.193 mm
SCE
= 118.20 kN
Z b Z t f b f t
(10)
ft Zt fb Zb
0.19210 6 25.975 1.35
=
1.35 25.975
Aw
= 12.3125
32
4
= 7.07 mm2
Dept of Civil
CE2404
Spacing =
= 9.896 kN
118.20 10 3
9.896 10 3
12 Nos
1000
9
= 112 mm c/c
f t f tt
MG
Zt
1012x10 6
9510 6
= 0
fb
M ML
1
f tw G
Zb
1 1012 45010 6
0
=
0.85
7510 6
= 10.65 MPa
= -22.93 MPa
Fi bf Zb tf Zt
(9)
A
Zb Zt
=
Fi
Ae
= 4.1647 x 345000
SCE
= 4.1647
= 1436.82 kN
Z b Z t f b f t
(10)
ft Zt fb Zb
=
22.93 75 10.65 95
75 95
= 361.339 x10
= 1047.36 mm
Dept of Civil
CE2404
eavil
= yb cover
= (1000-440) 100
= 460 mm
f AZ
Fi b b (11)
Z b Ae
Fi
SCE
= 2538.78 kN
Dept of Civil
CE2404
The larger transverse dimension of the end zone is represented as yo. The corresponding dimension of
the bearing plate is represented as ypo. For analysis, the end zone is divided into a local zone and a
general zone.
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Dept of Civil
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The local zone is the region behind the bearing plate and is subjected to high bearing stress and internal
stresses. The behavior of the local zone is influenced by the anchorage device and the additional
confining spiral reinforcement.
The general zone is the end zone region which is subjected to spalling of concrete. The zone is
strengthened by end zone reinforcement.
The transverse stress (t) at the CGC varies along the length of the end zone. It is compressive for a
distance 0.1yo from the end and tensile thereafter, which drops down to zero at a distance yo from the
end.
The transverse tensile stress is known as splitting tensile stress. The resultant of the tensile stress in a
transverse direction is known as the bursting force (Fbst).
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Dept of Civil
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Besides the bursting force there is spalling forces in the general zone.
Fbst for an individual square end zone loaded by a symmetrically placed square bearing plate according
to Cl 18.6.2.2 is,
y po
y
o
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Dept of Civil
CE2404
It can be observed that with the increase in size of the bearing plate the bursting force
Fbst reduces.
End Zone reinforcement
Transverse reinforcement - end zone reinforcement or anchorage zone
reinforcement or bursting link - is provided in each principle direction based on the value of Fbst. The
reinforcement is distributed within a length from 0.1yo to yo from an end of the member.
The amount of end zone reinforcement in each direction Ast is:
Ast
Fbst
fs
The parameter represents the fraction of the transverse dimension covered by the
bearing plate.
The end zone reinforcement is provided in several forms, some of which are proprietary of the
construction firms. The forms are closed stirrups, mats or links with loops.
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Dept of Civil
CE2404
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Dept of Civil
CE2404
Bearing Plate
Assume area of bearing plate to be 200 mm x 300 mm
f br
PK
A pun
= 1055 kN
PK
A pun
= 200 x 300
f br
Abr
= 400 x 600
f br,all 0.48 f ci
= 60000 mm2
105510 3
60000
= 17.58 MPa
= 240000 mm2
Abr
A pun
= 0.48 50
240000
60000
= 48 MPa
0.8 f ci = 40 MPa
f br f br,all 40MPa
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Dept of Civil
CE2404
End Block
In vertical direction
y po
y o
300
600
200
400
= 179.35 kN
In horizontal direction
y po
y o
Ast
= 179.35 kN
Fbst
0.87 f y
179.3510 3
0.87 250
= 824.60 mm2
No of stirrups =
Provide
10 2
4
= 78.54 mm2
824.60
2 78.54
= 6 Nos
2 rd
1
Ast from 0.1 yo = 60 mm to 0.5 yo = 300 mm and rd Ast from 0.5 yo = 300 mm to yo = 600
3
3
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Dept of Civil
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CIRCULAR PRESTRESSING
Design of prestressed concrete tanks Pipes.
3.1 Design Procedure for circular tanks Computations
1. Minimum wall thickness
2. Circumferential Prestress
3. Vertical Prestress.
Estimate
1) Maximum, ring tension Nd
2) Bending Moment Mw
3) Minimum wall thickness =
Nd
fct fmin.w
+ fmin.w
N/mm2
5) Spacing of wires
As = Cross sectional area of wire coinding, mm2
Wt = average radial Pressure of wires at transfer at a given section N/mm2
D = Diameter of the tank, mm
S = Spacing of wires at the given section mm
fs Stress in wires at transfer, N/mm2
t Thickness of the tank wall, mm
fc compressive stress in concrete, N/mm2
Hoop compression due toprestressing
= wt . D
2
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Dept of Civil
CE2404
Equating
wt. D = fs As
2
S1
Wt = 2 fs As
sD
Nd hoop tension due to hydrostatic working pressure, Ww
Nt hoop compression due to radial pressure of wires, wt
Then Nt = Nd wt
Ww
Also Nt = t fc
Spacing of the wire winding
S = 2 Nd . fs. As
Ww fc. Dt
mm
Mt = Mw wt
Ww
Where Mt = Vertical moment due to the prestress at transfer.
Mw = Vertical moment due to hydrostatic pressure.
The compressive prestress required
Fc = fmin. W + Mw
z
When the tank is empty
fc = fmin. W + Mt
Z
Vertical prestressing force is required
P = fc. Ac
(Note: Vertical Prestressing force = 30% of hoop compression.]
1. A cylindrical prestressed concrete water tank of internal diameter 30m is required to store
water over a depth of 7.5m. The permissible compressive stress in concrete at transfer is 13
N/mm2 and the minimum compressive stress under working presuure is 1 N/mm2. The loss ratio
is 0.75. Wires of 5mm diameter with an initial stress of 1000N/mm2 are available for
SCE
Dept of Civil
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= 7.52
= 12.5
30 x 0.15
Nd
fct fmin.w
= 720
0.75 x 13 1
= 82.3mm
Net thickness available (allowing for vertical cables of diameter 30mm) is (150 30) = 120mm
fc = Nd
t
+ fmin.w
= 720
+ 1 = 9.42N/mm2
0.75 x 120 0.75
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Dept of Civil
CE2404
kN/m
2 x 109 x 1000 x 20
3
0.075 x 2.5 x 30 x 10 x 120
= 64mm
Number of wires / metre t the top of tank = 16
Vertical moment = Mw wt
Ww
Wt = 2 fs As = 2 X 1000 X 20 = 0.117 N/mm2
Sd
11.4 x 30 x 103
Mt = 42500 0.117 = 67,000 Nmm / mm = 67 x 106 Nmm / m.
0.075
Considering one metre length of tank
Along the circumferential
Z = 100 x 1502 = 375 x 104mm3
6
fc = fmin. w + Mt
Z
= 1 + 67X 106 = 19.20N/mm2
4
0.75
375 X 10
Since this stress exceeds the permissible value of fct = 13N/mm2, the thickness of the tank wall of base is
increased to 200mm.
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Dept of Civil
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= 2610kN
SCE
Dept of Civil
CE2404
fc
Fi
,
Ac
AC = Area of concrete
which after losses in pre-stress reduces to
fc
SCE
Fe
Ac
Dept of Civil
CE2404
When internal liquid pressure is acting at working load stage, the internal pressure intensity,
fc
pR
AT
where
p = internal pressure intensity
R = internal radius of the vessel
AT = transformed area = Ac nA p
AP = area of steel
The resultant stress in concrete at working load due to internal pressure p and pre-stress Fe is
fc
F e pR
(1)
Ac AT
In Eq.1, if it is assumed that hoop tension is entirely carried by the effective pre-stress, Fe pR .
And since At Ac , f c is always negative, implying that there is always a residual compressive stress in
concrete.
Design method 1
A p = area of steel
Ac = area of concrete
f ct = permissible stress at transfer in concrete
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Dept of Civil
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Es
Ec
Fi A p f i
Fe A p f e
At transfer
Ac
Fi
(2)
f ct
At working load
Fe pR
f cw (3) where At Ac nA p
Ac AT
Ap
pR
fe
Fi A p f i
Ac
Fi
from Eq.2
f ct
f cw
F e pR
from Eq.3
Ac AT
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Dept of Civil
CE2404
Design method 2
If both f ct and f cw are to be kept in concrete, which may be the case when a tensile stress f cw =
cracking stress, may be allowed, and if a factor of safety m is required, then Eq.2 and Eq.3 can be
combined together into the following from.
A p = area of steel
Ac = area of concrete
f ct = permissible stress at transfer in concrete
f cw = permissible stress at working load in concrete
Fi = initial pre-stress
Fe = effective pre-stress after losses
m = factor of safety
n
Es
Ec
Fi A p f i
Fe A p f e
At transfer
Ac
f i Ap
Fi
f ct
f ct
At Ac nA p A p (n
fi
)
f ct
At working load
F e mpR
f cw
Ac
AT
f e Ap
mpR
f
Ap i
A p n i
f ct
f ct
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f cw
Dept of Civil
CE2404
mpR
f ct
A p f ct e f cw
fi
nf ct f i
f f f f
A p e ct i cw
fi
Ap
mpR
f ct
nf
f
ct
i
mpR
f f
nf ct f i f e f ct f i f cw ct i
mpR
f
f
f i n ct 1 fct f e f i cw
f ct
fi
mpR
f
f
f e f i cw 1 n ct
f ct
f i
f ct f i
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Dept of Civil
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Example 1 non-cylinder
Design a non-cylinder pre-stressed pipe for the following specifications: R = 300 mm, p = 1.05 MPa, f i =
1000 MPa, f e = 800 MPa, f ct = -14 MPa, f cw =-0.7 MPa, Es = 2.1x105 MPa, Ec = 0.35 x 105 MPa and 2.5
mm wires are used. And what would be the internal pressure p required to balance the pre-stress at
transfer before losses to maintain a stress of -0.7 in concrete?
Method 1:
Ap
pR
fe
=
Ap
1.05 10 3 300
800
= 394 mm2
Fi A p f i
= 3941000
Fi
Ac
= 394 kN
Fi
f ct
Ac
39410 3
14
= 28143 mm2
28142
1000
= 29 mm
30 mm
Ac
= 301000
= 30000 mm2
At Ac nA p
At
SCE
= 30000 6394
= 32364 mm2
Dept of Civil
CE2404
f cw
F e pR
Ac AT
394800 1.0510 3 300
=
30000
32364
f cw
= -0.77 MPa
Since f cw is slightly more than specified -0.7 MPa, another trail could be made in the design.
Aw
2.5 2
=
4
No of wires
Spacing =
= 4.91 mm2
Ap
Aw
394
4.91
1000
81
81 wires
= 12 mm
Method 2:
A p
mpR
f
f
f e f i cw 1 n ct
f ct
f i
1.0510 3 300
=
0.7
14
1 6
800 1000
14
1000
Fi
= 3881000
= 388 kN
Ac
38810 3
14
= 27715 mm2
27715
1000
= 28 mm
Ac
= 281000
Ap
SCE
= 388 mm2
= 30000 mm2
Dept of Civil
CE2404
At
= 28000 6388
= 30328 mm2
f cw
=
28000
30328
= -0.70 MPa
f cw
3881000 p 10 3 300
=
28000
30328
= -0.7 MPa
= 1.33 MPa
Example 2 non-cylinder
Design a non-cylinder pre-stressed pipe for the following specifications: R = 800 mm, p = 1 MPa, f i =
1000 MPa, f e = 800 MPa, f ct = -12 MPa, f cw = 0, Es = 2.1x105 MPa, Ec = 0.35 x 105 MPa and 5 mm wires
are used. If cracking stress is +2 MPa, what is the F.S against cracking?
A p
mpR
f
f
f e f i cw 1 n ct
f ct
f i
110 3 800
=
0
12
800 1000
1 6
1000
12
Fi
= 9331000
= 933 kN
Ac
933 10 3
12
= 77750 mm2
77750
1000
= 78 mm
Ap
= 933 mm2
Ac
= 781000
= 78000 mm2
At
= 78000 6933
= 83598 mm2
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Dept of Civil
CE2404
f cw
78000
83598
=0
A p
933
mpR
f
f
f e f i cw 1 n ct
f ct
f i
m110 3 800
2
12
1 6
800 1000
12
1000
= 1.2
The construction of the circular tanks is in the following sequence. First, the concrete core is cast and
cured. The surface is prepared by sand or hydro blasting. Next, the
circumferential pre-stressing is applied by strand wrapping machine. Shotcrete is
applied to provide a coat of concrete over the pre-stressing strands.
IS:3370-1967 (1-4) Code of Practice for Concrete Structures for the Storage of Liquids provides
guidelines for the analysis and design of liquid storage tanks. The four sections of the code are titled as
follows:
Part 1: General Requirement.
Part 2: Reinforced Concrete Structures.
Part 3: Pre-stressed Concrete Structures.
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Dept of Civil
CE2404
In IS:3370-1967 (3), the design requirements for pre-stressed tanks are mentioned. A few of them are:
1. The computed stress in the concrete and steel, during transfer, handling and construction, and
under working loads, should be within the permissible values as specified in IS:1343-1980.
2. The liquid retaining face should be checked against cracking with a load factor of 1.2.
3. The ultimate load at failure should not be less than twice the working load.
4. When the tank is full, there should be compression in the concrete at all points of at least 0.7
N/mm2. When the tank is empty, there should not be tensile stress greater than 1.0 N/mm2.
Thus, the tank should be analyzed both for the full and empty conditions.
5. There should be provisions to allow for elastic distortion of the structure during pre-stressing.
Any restraint that may lead to the reduction of the pre-stressing force should be considered.
6. The cover requirement is as follows. The minimum cover to the pre-stressing wires should be 35
mm on the liquid face. For faces away from the liquid, the cover requirements are as per
IS:1343-1980.
The general equations from Eq 1 to Eq 3, would serve well for the design of circular pre-stressed
liquid retaining structure.
Example 1
Determine the area of steel required per meter height of a circular pre-stressed water tank with an
inside diameter of 18 m and a height of 6 m water pressure. Compute the thickness of concrete
required.
6101000
10 6
= 0.06 MPa
Ap
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Ap
0.0610 3 9000
=
827
= 653 mm2
= 6531034
= 675 kN
Fi A p f i
Fi
Ac
Fi
f ct
=
Ac
67510 3
5.17
= 130600 mm2
130600
1000
= 130.60 mm
140 mm
= 1401000
Ac
= 140000 mm2
At Ac nA p
= 140000 10 653
At
f cw
F e pR
Ac AT
653827 0.0610 3 9000
=
140000
146530
f cw
= 146530 mm2
= -0.172 MPa
Case 2:
A p
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f
f
f e f i cw 1 n ct
f ct
f i
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Ap
110
827 1034
5.17
1034
Fi
= 7781034
Ac
15610 3
=
1000
805 10 3
5.17
= 778 mm2
= 805 kN
= 156 x103 mm2
= 156 mm
165 mm
Ac
= 1651000
= 165000 mm2
At
= 165000 10 778
f cw
165000
172780
= 172780 mm2
= -0.77 MPa
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COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION
Analysis for stresses Estimate for deflections Flexural and shear strength of composite members.
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Many applications of prestressed concrete involve the combination of precast prestressed concrete
beams and in situ reinforced concrete slabs. Some examples of such composite construction are shown
in Fig. 10.1. An in situ infill between precast beams is shown in Fig. 10.1(a) while an in situ topping is
shown in Fig. 10.1(b). The former type of construction is often used in bridges, while the latter is
common in building construction. The beams are designed to act alone under their own weight plus the
weight of the wet concrete of the slab. Once the concrete in the slab has hardened and provided that
there is adequate horizontal shear connection between them, the slab and beam behave as a composite
section under design load. The beams act as permanent formwork for the slab, which provides the
compression flange of the composite section. The section size of the beam can thus be kept to a
minimum, since a compression flange is only required at the soffit at transfer. This leads to the use of
inverted T-, or top-hat, sections.
The stress distributions in the various regions of the composite member are shown in Fig. 10.2(a)(d).
The stress distribution in Fig. 10.2(a) is due to the self weight of the beam, with the maximum
compressive stress at the lower extreme fibre. Once the slab is in place, the stress distribution in the
beam is modified to that shown in Fig. 10.2(b), where the bending moment at the section, Md is that
due to the combined self weight of the beam and slab.
Once the concrete in the slab has hardened and the imposed load acts on the composite section, the
additional stress distribution is shown in Fig. 10.2(c). This is determined by ordinary bending theory, but
using the composite section properties.
The final stress distribution is shown Figure
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distributions at the various load stages. Assume all long-term losses have occurred before the beams are
erected and that the net force in each wire is 19.4 kN. Section properties of the beams:
Ac=1.13105 mm2
Ic=7.5108 mm4
Zt=Zb=6106 mm3.
Eccentricity of the wires=12540=85 mm.
(i) Self weight of the beams=0.11324
=2.7 kN/m.
Mo=(2.752)/8
=8.4 kNm.
Total prestress force after all losses have occurred is given by
Po=619.4
=116.4 kN.
The stress distribution in the beams is thus given by
(ii) The weight of the slab is supported by the beams acting alone, so that Md=8.4+0.0750.62452/8
=11.8 kNm.
The stress distribution within the beams is now given by
(iii) The imposed load of 5 kN/m2 is supported by the composite section and the
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section properties of this are now required. To find the neutral axis of the composite section, taking
moments about the soffit of the beams gives
(1.13105+75600)y=(1.13105125+75600288)
y=171 mm.
Icomp=7.5108+1.13105 (171125)2
+(753600)/12+(75600)/(288171)2
=1.63109 mm4.
The imposed load bending moment, (MdesMd)=0.6552/8
=9.4 kNm.
The stress distribution within the composite section under this extra bending moment
is given by
The maximum compressive stress occurs at the upper fibres of the beams, but is significantly lower than
the level of stress had the beam carried the total imposed load alone. This explains the advantage of
inverted T-sections in composite construction, where only a small compression flange is required for
bending moments Mo and Md, the
Stress distribution for composite section in Example 10.1 (N/mm2): (a) beam; (b)beam and slab; (c)
beam and slab and imposed load.
compression flange for bending moment Mdes being provided by the slab. The maximum compressive
stress in the slab is much lower than in the beam and, for this reason, in many composite structures a
lower grade of concrete is used for the in situ portion. The modulus of elasticity for this concrete is
lower than that for the beam and this effect can be taken into account in finding the composite section
properties by using an approximate modular ratio of 0.8.
The in situ slab in Example 10.1 lies above the composite section neutral axis and, therefore, the slab is
in compression over its full depth under the total design load. However, for composite sections as
shown in Fig. 10.1(a) the in situ portion of the section extends well below the neutral axis, so that the
lower region is in tension. If the tensile strength of this concrete is exceeded then the composite section
properties must be determined on the basis of the in situ section having cracked below the neutral axis.
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but the different strengths of the concrete in the slab and beam regions of the compression zone should
be taken into account.
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The following expression is given in Part 13 of EC2 for the horizontal shear stress, where is the ratio
of the longitudinal force in the slab to the total longitudinal force, given by Msd/z, both calculated for a
given section; Vsd is the transverse ultimate shear force; z is the lever arm; and bj is the width of the
interface.
The design shear resistance for horizontal joints with vertical shear reinforcement is given by
Rdj=kTRd+N+0.87 fyk 0.33 vfck,
where kT is a coefficient with kT=0 if the joint is subjected to tension;
Rd is the basic design shear strength from Table
Horizontal shear: (a) composite section; (b) free-body diagram for in situ slab.
DIFFERENTIAL MOVEMENTS
The fact that the slab of a composite member is usually cast at a much later stage than the beam means
that most of the time-dependent effects of shrinkage of the slab take place with the section acting
compositely. Most of the shrinkage of the beam will already have occurred by the time the slab is in
place, and the movement due to the shrinkage of the slab will induce stresses throughout the whole of
the composite section. The water content of the slab concrete is often higher than that of the beam,
since a lower strength is required, and this aggravates the problem of differential shrinkage. These extra
stresses, which occur even under zero applied load, are not insignificant and should be considered in
design. Both the slab and beam undergo creep deformations under load and, although some of the
creep deformations in the beam may have taken place before casting of the slab, the level of
compressive stress is higher in the beam, and so the creep deformations are larger.
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Differential movements.
composite section which tend to reduce those set up by differential shrinkage. A problem which is
encountered, particularly in connection with bridge decks, is that of varying temperature across a
composite section, although this may still be a problem in composite members used as roof structures.
The hotter upper surface tends to expand more than the cooler lower surface and stresses are induced
throughout the composite section.
A method for determining the stresses due to differential shrinkage will now be outlined, and this can be
adapted to find the stresses due to differential creep and temperature movements. Consider a
composite member as shown in Fig. 10.13, where the slab is shown to have a free shrinkage movement
of sh relative to the beam. In reality this movement is restrained by the shear forces which are set up
between the slab and beam, putting the slab into tension and the beam into compression. The
magnitude of the tensile force in the slab is given by
T=shAc,slabEc,slab,
where Ac,slab and Ec,slab are the cross-sectional area and modulus of elasticity of the slab, respectively,
and sh is the free shrinkage strain of the slab concrete.
The compressive force in the beam must be numerically equal to this tensile force. In addition to the
direct stresses described above, bending stresses are also introduced by restraint of the free differential
shrinkage. In order to determine these stresses, the free bodies of the slab and beam are considered, as
shown in Fig. 10.14. Initially, the slab can be regarded as having a force T applied through its centroid, so
that its length is equal to that of the beam. There must be no net external force on the composite
member due to differential shrinkage alone, so a pair of equal and opposite compressive forces must be
applied to maintain equilibrium. However, these compressive forces act on the composite section and
induce a bending moment at the ends of the member of
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Chapter V
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UNIT-I
INTRODUCTION-THEORY AND BEHAVIOUR
PART A
1. What are the advantages of PSC construction
In case of fully prestressed member, which are free from tensile stresses
under working loads, the cross section is more efficiently utilized when
compared with a reinforced concrete section which is cracked under working
loads.
The flexural member is stiffer under working loads than a reinforced
concrete member of the same length.
2. Define Pre tensioning and Post tensioning
Pre tensioning: A method of Pre stressing concrete in which the tendons are
tensioned before the concrete is placed. In this method, the prestress is
imparted to concrete by bond between steel and concrete.
Post tensioning: A method of pre stressing concrete by tensioning the
tendons against hardened concrete. In this method, the prestress is imparted
to concrete by bearing.
3. What is the need for the use of high strength concrete and tensile steel in Pre
stressed concrete?
High strength concrete is necessary for prestress concrete as the material
offers highly resistance in tension, shear bond and bearing. In the zone of
anchorage the bearing stresses being hired, high strength concrete is
invariably preferred to minimizing the cost. High strength concrete is less
liable to shrinkage cracks and has lighter modulus of elasticity and smaller
ultimate creep strain resulting in a smaller loss of prestress in steel. The use
of high strength concrete results in a reduction in a cross sectional
dimensions of prestress concrete structural element with a reduced dead
weight of the material longer span become technically and economically
practicable.
Tensile strength of high tensile steel is in the range of 1400 to 2000 N/mm2
and if initially stress upto 1400 N/mm2 their will be still large stress in the high
tensile reinforcement after making deduction for loss of prestress. Therefore high
tensile steel is made for prestress concrete.
4. Define Kern Distance.
Kern is the core area of the section in which if the load applied tension
will not be induced in the section
Kt = Zb/A,
Kb = Zt/A,
If the load applied K Compresser will be the maximum at the top most fiber
and zero stress will be at the bottom most fiber. If the load applied at Kb
compressive stress will be the maximum at the bottom most fiber and zero
stress will be at the top most fiber.
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PART-B
1. a) What are the advantages of Prestressed Concrete
In case of fully prestressed member, which are free from tensile stresses
under working loads.
The cross section is more effectively utilized when compared with a
reinforced concrete section which is cracked under working loads.
Within certain limits, a permanent will be counteracted by increasing the
eccentricity of the prestressing force in a prestressed structural elements, thus
effecting saving in the use of materials.
Prestressed concrete members possess improved resistance to shearing forces,
due to the effect of compressive prestress, which reduces the principal tensile
stress.
The use of high strength concrete and steel in prestressed members
results in lighter and slender members than is possible with reinforced
concrete.
It is free from cracks, contributes to the improved durability of the structure
under aggressive environmental conditions.
The economy of prestressed concrete is well established for long span
structures.
A prestressed concrete flexural member is stiffer under working loads
than a reinforced concrete member of the same depth.
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b) Describe the various types of losses in prestress. What steps may be taken to reduce
these losses
LOSS DUE TO ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF CONCRETE:
The loss of prestress due to elastic deformation of concrete depends on the
modular ratio and the average stress in concrete at the level of steel.
If
fc= prestress in concrete at the level of steel.
Es= modulus of elasticity of steel.
Ec= modulus of elasticity of concrete.
e= Es/ Ec = modular ratio.
Strain in concrete at the level of steel = (fc/ Ec)
Stress in steel corresponding to this strain = (fc/ Ec) Es
Loss of stress in steel = e fc
If the initial stress in steel is known, the percentage loss of stress due to
elastic deformation of concrete can be computed.
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If
= creep coefficient
c = creep strain
e = elastic strain
e = modular ratio
fc = stress in concrete
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel.
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete.
Creep coefficient( ) = (c/ e)
Loss of stress in steel = fc e
LOSS DUE TO RELAXATION OF STRESS INN STEEL:
Most of the code provides for the loss of stress due to relaxation of steel as
a percentage of the initial stress in steel. The Indian standard code
recommends a value varying from 0 to 90 N/mm2 for stress in wire
varying from 0.5 fup to 0.8 fup .
LOSS OF STRESS DUE TO FRICTION:
On tensioning the curved tendons, loss of stress occurs in the posttensioned members due to friction between the tendons and the
surrounding concrete ducts. The magnitude of this loss is of the following
types:
(a) Loss of stress due to the curvature effects, which depends upon
the tendon from or alignment which generally follows a curved profile along the
length of the beam.
(b) Loss of stress effect, which depends upon the local deviation
in the alignment of the cable. The wobble or wave effect is the result of accidental
or unavoidable misalignment, since ducts or sheaths cannot be perfectly located to
follow predetermined profile throughout the length of the beam.
Px = Poe-(+ kx)
LOSS DUE TO ANCHORAGE SLIP:
In most post-tensioned system, when the cable is tensioned and the jack is
released to transfer prestress to concrete, the friction wedges, employed to
grip the wires, slip over a small distance before the wires are firmly
housed between the wedges. The magnitude of slip depends upon the type
of wedge and the stress in the wire.
= (PL/AEs)
Where = slip of anchorage, mm
L = length of the cable,mm
A = cross sectional area of the cable, mm2
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel.
P = Prestressed force in the cable.
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UNIT-II
DESIGN CONCEPTS
PART-A
1. What is meant by end block in a post tensioned member?
The zone between the end of the beam and the section where only longitudinal
stress exists is generally referred to as the anchorage zone or end block.
2. List any two applications of partial prestressing.
Used in large diameter concrete pipes
Used in railway sleepers
Water tanks
Precast concrete piles to counter tensile stress during transport and erection.
used in bridges construction
3. What is meant by partial prestressing?
The degree of prestress applied to concrete in which tensile stresses to a limited
degree are permitted in concrete under working load. In this case, in addition to
tensioned steel, a considerable proportion of untensioned reinforcement is
generally used to limit the width of cracks developed under service load.
4. Define degree of prestressing
A measure of the magnitude of the prestressing force related to the resultant
stress occurring in the structural member at working load.
5. Define Bursting tension.
The effect of transverse tensile stress is to develop a zone of bursting tension in a
direction perpendicular to the anchorage force resulting in horizontal cracking.
6. Define Proof stress
The tensile stress in steel which produces a residual strain of 0.2 percent of the
original gauge length on unloading.
7. Define cracking load.
The load on the structural element corresponding to the first visible crack.
8. Define Debonding.
Prevention of bond between the steel wire and the surrounding concrete.
9. Write formula for Moment of resistance in BIS code.
Mu = Apb Aps (d-dn)
10. What are the types of flexural failure?
Fracture of steel in tension
Failure of under-reinforced section
Failure of over-reinforced section
Other modes of failure
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PART-B
1. a) What is meant by partial prestressing? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages when
partial prestressing is done
PARTIAL PRESTRESSING:
The degree of prestress applied to concrete in which tensile stresses to a
limited degree are permitted in concrete under working load. In this case,
in addition to tensioned steel, a considerable proportion of untensioned
reinforcement is generally used to limit the width of cracks developed
under service load.
ADVANTAGES:
DISADVANTAGES:
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(b) Explain about the types of flexure failure occurs in prestressed concrete section
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The load deflection curve is approximately linear upto the stage of visible
cracking, but beyond this stage the deflection increase at a faster rate due to the
reduced stiffness of the beam.
In the port- cracking of the beam of beam is parallel to that of reinforced
concrete member.
The deflection of cracked structural member, may be estimated by the unilinear or
bilinear method recommended by the ECC.
In the unilinear method, the deflection will be,
a= L2M/ Ec Ir
where a = Max deflection
L = Effective span
M = Max moment
Ec = Modulus of elasticity of concrete
Ir = IInd commend of area.
In the bilinear method, the moment curvature is approximately by second straight
line.
The instantaneous deflection in the post cracking stage is obtained as the sum
of deflection upto cracking load based on gross section and beyond the cracking
load considering the cracked section.
Hence deflection are estimated by
a= L2 {(Mcr/ EcIc)+((M-Mc)/0.85Ecfck)}
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UNIT III
Circular prestressing
Part A
1. Sketch the loop reinforcement, hair-pin bars in end blocks.(NOV-DEC 2009)
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Part B
1. Explain the effect of varying the ratio of depth anchorage to the depth of end block
on the distribution of bursting tension. (8) (NOV-DEC 2012)
Bursting tensile forces
a) The bursting tensile forces in the end blocks, or regions of bonded posttensioned members, should be assessed on the basis of the tendon jacking load.
For unbonded members, the bursting tensile forces should be assessed on the basis
of the tendon jacking load or the load in the tendon at the limit state of collapse,
whichever is greater ( see Appendix B ).
The bursting tensile force, Fbst existing in an individual square end block loaded
by a symmetrically placed square anchorage or bearing plate, may be derived from
the equation below:
b) The force Fbst will be distributed in a region extending from 0.1 yo to yo from
the loaded face of the end block. Reinforcement provided to sustain the bursting
tensile force may be assumed to be acting at its design strength (0.87 times
characteristic strength of reinforcement) except that the stress should be limited to
a value corresponding to a strain of 0.001 when the concrete cover to the
reinforcement is less than 50 mm.
c) In rectangular end blocks, the bursting tensile forces in the two principal
directions should be assessed on the basis of 18.6.2.2. When circular anchorage or
bearing plates are used, the side of the equivalent square area should be used.
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Where groups of anchorages or bearing plates occur, the end blocks should be
divided into a series of symmetrically loaded prisms and each prism treated in the
above manner. For designing end blocks having a cross-section different in shape
from that of the general cross-section of the beam, reference should be made to
specialist literature.
d) Compliance with the requirements of (a), (b) and (c) will generally ensure that
bursting tensile forces along the load axis are provided for. Alternative methods of
design which make allowance for the tensile strength of the concrete may be used,
in which case reference should be made to specialist literature.
e) Consideration should also be given to the spalling tensile stresses that occur in
end blocks where the anchorage or bearing plates are highly eccentric; these reach
a maximum at the loaded face.
2.(i) Explain the junctions of tank wall and base slab with neat sketch. (8)
(NOV- DEC 2012)
Joint in the concrete introduced for convenience in construction at which
special measures are taken to achieve subsequent continuity without provision for
further relative movement, is called a construction joint. A typical application is
between successive lifts in a reservoir.
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3. (a) What are the different types of joints used between the slab of prestressed
concrete tank
Joints shall be categorized as below:
a) Movetnent Joints - There are three categories of movement joints:
contraction joint - A movement joint with a deliberate discontinuity but no initial
gap between the concrete on either side of the joint, the joint being intended to
accommodate contraction of the concrete ( see Fig. 1 ).
A distinction should be made between a complete contraction joint (see Fig. 1A )
in which both concrete and reinforcing steel are interrupted, and a partial
contraction joint (. see Fig. 1B ) in which only the concrete is interrupted, the
reinforcing steel running through.
Expansion joint - A movement joint with complete discontinuity in both
reinforcement and concrete and intended to accommodate either expansion or
contraction of the structure (see Pig. 2).
In general, such a joint requires the provision of an initial gap between the
adjoining parts of a structure which by closing or opening accommodates the
expansion or contraction of the structure. Design of the joint so as to incorporate
sliding surfaces, is not, however, precluded and may sometimes be advantageous.
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The
Prestressed concrete tanks are used in water treatment and distribution systems,
waste water collection and treatment system and storm water management. Other
applications are liquefied natural gas (LNG) containment structures, large
industrial process tanks and bulk storage tanks. The construction of the tanks is in
the following sequence. First, the concrete core is cast and cured. The surface is
prepared by sand or hydro blasting.
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Fixed: When the wall is built continuous with its footing, then the base can be
considered to be fixed as the first approximation.
Hinged: If the sub grade is susceptible to settlement, then a hinged base is a
conservative assumption. Since the actual rotational restraint from the footing is
somewhere in between fixed and hinged, a hinged base can be assumed.
The base can be made sliding with appropriate polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waterstops for liquid tightness.
For top
Free: The top of the wall is considered free when there is no restraint in expansion.
Hinged: When the top is connected to the roof slab by dowels for shear transfer,
the boundary condition can be considered to be hinged.
Framed: When the top of the wall and the roof slab are made continuous with
moment transfer, the top is considered to be framed. The hydrostatic pressure on
the wall increases linearly from the top to the bottom of the liquid of maximum
possible depth. If the vapour pressure in the free board is negligible, then the
pressure at the top is zero. Else, it is added to the pressure of the liquid throughout
the depth. The forces generated in the tank due to circumferential prestress are
opposite in nature to that due to hydrostatic pressure.
underground, then the earth pressure needs to be considered. The hoop tension in
the wall, generated due to a triangular hydrostatic pressure is given as follows.
The hoop tension in the wall, generated due to a triangular hydrostatic pressure is
given as follows.
T = CT w H Ri (9-6.15)
The bending moment in the vertical direction is given as follows.
M = CM w H3 (9-6.16)
The shear at the base is given by the following expression.
V = CV w H2 (9-6.17)
In the previous equations, the notations used are as follows.
CT = coefficient for hoop tension
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greater than 1.0 N/mm2. Thus, the tank should be analysed both for the full and
empty conditions.
5) There should be provisions to allow for elastic distortion of the structure during
prestressing. Any restraint that may lead to the reduction of the prestressing force,
should be considered.
4. (a) What are the design considerations of prestressed concrete poles? (4)
The pre stressed concrete pole for power transmission line are generally designed
as member with uniform prestress since they are subjected to bending moment of
equal magnitude in opposite directions. The poles are generally designed for
following critical load conditions,
1. Bending due to wind load on the cable and on the exposed face.
2. Combined bending and torsion due to eccentric snapping of wire.
3. Maximum torsion due to skew snapping of wires.
4. Bending due to failure of all the wires on one side of the pole.
5. Handling and erection stresses.
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UNIT III
Circular prestressing
Part A
1. Sketch the loop reinforcement, hair-pin bars in end blocks.(NOV-DEC 2009)
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Part B
1. Explain the effect of varying the ratio of depth anchorage to the depth of end block
on the distribution of bursting tension. (8) (NOV-DEC 2012)
Bursting tensile forces
a) The bursting tensile forces in the end blocks, or regions of bonded posttensioned members, should be assessed on the basis of the tendon jacking load.
For unbonded members, the bursting tensile forces should be assessed on the basis
of the tendon jacking load or the load in the tendon at the limit state of collapse,
whichever is greater ( see Appendix B ).
The bursting tensile force, Fbst existing in an individual square end block loaded
by a symmetrically placed square anchorage or bearing plate, may be derived from
the equation below:
b) The force Fbst will be distributed in a region extending from 0.1 yo to yo from
the loaded face of the end block. Reinforcement provided to sustain the bursting
tensile force may be assumed to be acting at its design strength (0.87 times
characteristic strength of reinforcement) except that the stress should be limited to
a value corresponding to a strain of 0.001 when the concrete cover to the
reinforcement is less than 50 mm.
c) In rectangular end blocks, the bursting tensile forces in the two principal
directions should be assessed on the basis of 18.6.2.2. When circular anchorage or
bearing plates are used, the side of the equivalent square area should be used.
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Where groups of anchorages or bearing plates occur, the end blocks should be
divided into a series of symmetrically loaded prisms and each prism treated in the
above manner. For designing end blocks having a cross-section different in shape
from that of the general cross-section of the beam, reference should be made to
specialist literature.
d) Compliance with the requirements of (a), (b) and (c) will generally ensure that
bursting tensile forces along the load axis are provided for. Alternative methods of
design which make allowance for the tensile strength of the concrete may be used,
in which case reference should be made to specialist literature.
e) Consideration should also be given to the spalling tensile stresses that occur in
end blocks where the anchorage or bearing plates are highly eccentric; these reach
a maximum at the loaded face.
2.(i) Explain the junctions of tank wall and base slab with neat sketch. (8)
(NOV- DEC 2012)
Joint in the concrete introduced for convenience in construction at which
special measures are taken to achieve subsequent continuity without provision for
further relative movement, is called a construction joint. A typical application is
between successive lifts in a reservoir.
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3. (a) What are the different types of joints used between the slab of prestressed
concrete tank
Joints shall be categorized as below:
a) Movetnent Joints - There are three categories of movement joints:
contraction joint - A movement joint with a deliberate discontinuity but no initial
gap between the concrete on either side of the joint, the joint being intended to
accommodate contraction of the concrete ( see Fig. 1 ).
A distinction should be made between a complete contraction joint (see Fig. 1A )
in which both concrete and reinforcing steel are interrupted, and a partial
contraction joint (. see Fig. 1B ) in which only the concrete is interrupted, the
reinforcing steel running through.
Expansion joint - A movement joint with complete discontinuity in both
reinforcement and concrete and intended to accommodate either expansion or
contraction of the structure (see Pig. 2).
In general, such a joint requires the provision of an initial gap between the
adjoining parts of a structure which by closing or opening accommodates the
expansion or contraction of the structure. Design of the joint so as to incorporate
sliding surfaces, is not, however, precluded and may sometimes be advantageous.
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The
Prestressed concrete tanks are used in water treatment and distribution systems,
waste water collection and treatment system and storm water management. Other
applications are liquefied natural gas (LNG) containment structures, large
industrial process tanks and bulk storage tanks. The construction of the tanks is in
the following sequence. First, the concrete core is cast and cured. The surface is
prepared by sand or hydro blasting.
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For base
Fixed: When the wall is built continuous with its footing, then the base can be
considered to be fixed as the first approximation.
Hinged: If the sub grade is susceptible to settlement, then a hinged base is a
conservative assumption. Since the actual rotational restraint from the footing is
somewhere in between fixed and hinged, a hinged base can be assumed.
The base can be made sliding with appropriate polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waterstops for liquid tightness.
For top
Free: The top of the wall is considered free when there is no restraint in expansion.
Hinged: When the top is connected to the roof slab by dowels for shear transfer,
the boundary condition can be considered to be hinged.
Framed: When the top of the wall and the roof slab are made continuous with
moment transfer, the top is considered to be framed. The hydrostatic pressure on
the wall increases linearly from the top to the bottom of the liquid of maximum
possible depth. If the vapour pressure in the free board is negligible, then the
pressure at the top is zero. Else, it is added to the pressure of the liquid throughout
the depth. The forces generated in the tank due to circumferential prestress are
opposite in nature to that due to hydrostatic pressure.
underground, then the earth pressure needs to be considered. The hoop tension in
the wall, generated due to a triangular hydrostatic pressure is given as follows.
The hoop tension in the wall, generated due to a triangular hydrostatic pressure is
given as follows.
T = CT w H Ri (9-6.15)
The bending moment in the vertical direction is given as follows.
M = CM w H3 (9-6.16)
The shear at the base is given by the following expression.
V = CV w H2 (9-6.17)
In the previous equations, the notations used are as follows.
CT = coefficient for hoop tension
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4) When the tank is full, there should be compression in the concrete at all points
of at least 0.7 N/mm2. When the tank is empty, there should not be tensile stress
greater than 1.0 N/mm2. Thus, the tank should be analysed both for the full and
empty conditions.
5) There should be provisions to allow for elastic distortion of the structure during
prestressing. Any restraint that may lead to the reduction of the prestressing force,
should be considered.
4. (a) What are the design considerations of prestressed concrete poles? (4)
The pre stressed concrete pole for power transmission line are generally designed
as member with uniform prestress since they are subjected to bending moment of
equal magnitude in opposite directions. The poles are generally designed for
following critical load conditions,
1. Bending due to wind load on the cable and on the exposed face.
2. Combined bending and torsion due to eccentric snapping of wire.
3. Maximum torsion due to skew snapping of wires.
4. Bending due to failure of all the wires on one side of the pole.
5. Handling and erection stresses.
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UNIT V
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES
Part A
Voided slab
Single tee
Box beams
Double tee
Aasho-type girders with slab(U.S.A)
Y-tube standard beams with slab
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Part-B
1. what is main advantage of prestressed concrete bridge deck.
High-strength concrete and high-tensile steel, besides being economical,
make for slender sections, which are aesthetically superior.
Prestressed concrete bridges can be designed as class I type structures without any tensile
stresses under service loads, thus resulting in a crack-free structure.
In comparison with steel bridges, prestressed concrete bridges require very
littlemaintenance.
Prestressed concrete is ideally suited for composite bridge construction in which precast
prestressed girders support the cast in situ slab deck. This type of con struction is very
popular since it involves minimum disruption of traffic.
Post-tensioned prestressed concrete finds extensive applications in long-span
continuous girder bridges of variable cross-section. Not only does it make for
sleek. structures, but it also effects considerable saving in the overall cost of
construction.
In recent years, partially prestressed concrete (type-3 structure) bas been pre
ferred for bridge construction, because it offers considerable economy in the use
of costly high-tensile steel in the girder.
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