Near-field characteristics of circular piston radiators

with simple support

Cheng He and Alex E. Hay
Departmentof Physics,Memorial Universityof Newfoundland,St. John's,Newfoundland
/lib

3X7, Canada

(Received15 August 1992;revised2 March 1993;accepted15 March 1993)

A closed-formexpressionfor the pressurefield producedby a circular pistonradiator with

simply supportedboundaryconditionand continuous-waveexcitationis derived.The methodof

Hasegawaet aL [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 74, 1044-1047 (1983)], developedfor a uniformly
vibratingpiston,is extendedto includethe nonuniformcase.The resultingexpression
is valid for
all fieldpointsand for largeratio of sourcediameterto wavelength.The averagepressureon the
surface of a circular receiver as a function of receiver size and distance from the transducer is
also calculated.

PACS numbers: 43.20.Rz, 43.20.Tb, 43.40.Rj

INTRODUCTION

v= Vo[1-- (r/a)2]2.

(3)

The problem of the baffledcircular radiator has been

very widely studiedfor variousapplications.A complete
descriptionof the soundfield producedby an acousticra-

Dekker et aL and Greenspanobtainedclosed-formexpressionsfor the soundpressureamplitudeor intensityalong

diatorcanbeobtained
fromtheRayleigh
integral
1

for the field at any point producedby a circular piston

source,but only for the uniformly vibratingcase.
Up to now, however,no closed-formexpression
for the
acousticalpressurein the whole nearfield,includingnonuniform velocity distribution on the source surface, has
appearedin the literature. Basedon the work of Hasegawa

R ds,
1fsve-ika

q=--

(1)

where q,R, and v are, respectively,the velocitypotential,

the distancefrom the observationpoint to the radiator
surfaceelementds, and the normal velocity at the surface
of the radiator.

Becauseof the complex nature of the beam pattern

closeto the source,the integrationof the equationfor pressure becomesvery difficult to perform explicitly. There-

theaxis.Hasegawa
etaL9,0obtained
a rigorous
expression

eta/.,9'1
thispaperpresents
thederivation
of sucha formula for the near-fieldsoundpressureof a circular piston
undergoingcontinuouswave excitation.The resultsfor the
case of nonuniform surfacevelocity are comparedwith
those for the uniform

case.

fore,numerical
techniques
areusually
required.
2-5Analytical solutions for particular cases are always valuable,
however,providingusefulcomparisonswith numericalresuits, and instructivephysicalinsight into the behaviorof
the soundfield as a functionof systemparameters.
For real situations,the velocity on the surfaceof the
radiator may not be uniform. If the crystaldisplacementis
dominated by the first mode of vibration (i.e., the only
nodal circle on the vibrating surfaceis at the edge), the
velocity on the surfaceof the pistonshouldincreasefrom

theedgeto thecenter,
themaximum
beingat thecenter.
6
This is the simplestcaseof nonuniformvibration, and is

theonetreatedhere.DekkeretaL7 andGreenspan
8 consideredtwo different cases:(1) a disk with simply supported edges,for which radial vibration of the disk is everywherepossibleand only axial displacementsvanish at
the edgeof the disk;and (2) a diskwith clampededges,for
which both the radial and axial displacements
vanishat the
clamped boundary. For the case of simple support, the
velocity distribution on the surfaceof the piston can be
expressedin the form

I. GENERAL
A. Uniform

THEORY
radiator

case

Because
someresults
fromHasegawa
etaL9,10
willbe
usedlater, in this sectionwe briefly review their work.
Two coordinatesystemsare used,as shownin Fig. 1:

the cylindricalcoordinates(z,p,ck),coaxialwith the piston;

and the sphericalcoordinatesystem (r,O,ck) centeredat
z= r0 on the axis of symmetry.In Eq. (1), R is givenby

R2=r2+--2rrl cosF,
where

COSF = cos0 cos01+ sin 0 sin 01 COS

(-- 1)'

For the clampedcase,this becomes

554

J. Acoust.Soc. Am. 94 (1), July 1993

(2)

(5)

It can be shown9 that

e

--/kR

-- --ik (2n+1)jn(kr)h2)(kr)Pn(cos
F),
n=0

r<r 1,

v= Vo[1-(r/a)2].

(4)

(6)

wherein, h(n
2), andPn are,respectively,
the nth-order
sphericalBesselfunction, sphericalHankel function of the

0001-4966/93/94(1)/554/8/$6.00

@ 1993 AcousticalSocietyof America

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554

pr

An(Z)=--ZPn

h(n2)l(Z)-I
'- m=l2 (__])rn+l

X(2n--4m+
1)Pn_2m
(Zo
''].._2m(Z),
t,(2) n>2,
(14)

TRANSMITTING
PLANE

an(Z'--an-2(Z'=--Zh(n2)l(Z

- i=r2
RECEIVING
PLANE

An(Zo)-[-.,n_2(Zo)=O,

FIG. 1. Coordinatesystem.

secondkind, and Legendrepolynomial.Equation (1) can

then be rewritten

as

(16)

where [n/2] meansthe integerpart of n/2.

For a piston with a uniform velocity distribution,the
aboveformulascan be usedfor calculatingthe acoustical
pressuredistributionin the nearfield,and Hasegawaet al.
usedit to computethe three-dimensional
pressurefield.
However,the boundaryconditionsimposeduponthe crystal are onefactor which will affectthe velocitydistribution.
We considerthis problembelow.

q(r,O)=-ik
(2n+l)jn(kr)
f fshn2'(krl)
n=O

X Pn(cOsr)ds 1,

(7)

B. Simply supported radiator

Now we considerthe problemof nonuniformvelocity

distributionon the surfaceof the radiator. This may, in
some applications,be more realistic. In the caseof ultra(8) sonictransducers,experimentalevidenceindicatesthat the
surfacevelocity has a nonuniform distribution rather than
According
totheaddition
theorem
ll forLegendre
polyno- a uniform distribution.7'12'13

wherev hasbeensetequalto unity, corresponding

to the
caseof uniformvibration.Note that ds1=rl dr1dq51,since

mials, it follows that

Laura
6 discussed
thefar-field
beampattern
produced

Pn(cos
F)=Pn(cos
O)Pn(cos
0)+2m=
(n--m)
(n+m)

by circular radiators with two different normal velocity

profilesat the surface.For the simplysupportedcase,the
surfacevelocityis givenby the expression

X(COS 0)(COS 01)COS(--i), (9)

where is the associated
Legendrefunctionof the first
kind. Integratingboth sidesof the aboveequationwith
respectto &l gives

(17)
n=l

wherethe dn are constantsrepresenting

the weightsfor the
differentvibrationalmodes.For the clampedcase,

f=Pn(cos
F)d&l=2Pn(cos
O)Pn(cos
01).(10)
ThereforeEq. (7) becomes:
--2i

(18)

n=2

Here, Cnhavethe samemeaningas the

DekkeretaL7 and Greenspan

8 havecomputed
the

(r,O)-k o(2n+
1)j(kr)P(cos
O)
x f (Zo,Za),

(11)

whereZo=kr o, Za=kra, and % is the distancefrom the

rim of the transducerto the originof the sphericalcoordinate system, and

f(Zo,Za)

(12)

The An are givenby the indefiniteintegral

soundpressuredistributionon the acousticaxis, and their

resultsindicate that the on-axis pressuredistributionis

similarfor thesetwo differentcases.In thispaperwe therefore consideronly the simplysupportedcase,treatingit as

an example.The result for the clampedplate can be obtained in a similar way.
The followinganalysisis basedon the assumption
that
the first modeof vibrationdominatesthe crystaldisplacement. So the velocity distribution on the disk surfacecan
be approximatelyexpressedby

a(Z)=
f Zh2)(Z)Pa()dZ,
(13'
whereZkr 1. As shownby Hasegawa
etel.,9'1
theAn
must satisfythe recurrencerelations
555

2n

J. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 94, No. 1, July 1993

sO1
<el,

Vo(1p/e),

V(Pl)=
O,pl>/el
.

(19)

Here, v is the surfacenormal velocityas beforeand Vois

the surfacevelocity at the transmitter center, which is asC. He and A. E. Hay: Near fieldof circularpiston

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555

sumedto be unity. Using Eqs. (8) and (10), the relative

velocitypotentialat the point P is now-

q(r,O)
=

pistonsurface.Equation(21) can be integratedby parts,

usingtherelations
11
-n_l
Zh(n2)(Z)=(2n--1)h
(2)(Z)

ds1

-- Zh(n2)2
_ (Z),

(25)

( n+ 1)Pn+i (Z) - (2n+ 1)ZPn(Z) -[-rtPn_

1(Z)
(26)

=-2rcki (2n+ 1)jn(kr)Pn(cOs

O)

and

n=0

1-+11

"n
..n_l(Z).
f zl-nb
2)
(Z)dZ=
--zl-nb
(2)

11
rldrl

a
(kr)P
dr
fro,
rh(n2)
(ro)
].

(20)

Then, the first severalsuccessive

Bn(Z)'s can be obtained
analytically(seeAppendixA), and are givenby

If we let Z= kr 1 as beforeand defineBn(Z)

Bn(Z) =

Z hn (Z)P n

dZ,

(28)

B1(Z) = -- Zo(2+ iZ)e-iz,

(29)
(30)

B3(Z) : Z2A3(Z) -[-Zo2

lO (Z) --'A1(Z)

Z3h (Z)Pn

q--ZoZh
1(Z ),

dZ, (22)

( 31)

B4(Z)--Z2[A4(Z)--2(Z) ] --[ 10A2(Z)- 2Ao(Z)]

whereZ0= kro and Za= kra as before.Equation(20) can

then be rewritten

Bo(Z) -- ( --Z 2+ i2Z+ 2)e-iz,

B2(Z) =Z2A2(Z)-}-3ZoA
1(Z) -- 4Ao(Z)-}-Z2ho(Z),

(21)

in analogywith Eq. (13), then

Bn(Za)--Bn(Zo)=

(27)

-[-Ao(Z)--Zo3
(Z)--A2(Z)--B2(Z),

as

(32)

q(r,
0)- k (2n+
1)j(kr)P(cos
O) 1+

(z)

n=0

: z2 [, (z) -- 3(Z)]--217A3(Z)--3Al(Z)]

Xfn(go,ga)
-ak
bn(Zo,Za)

-I- 1(Z) -[-Z04

(Z) --'A3
(Z) -}-3B3(Z),
4

(23)

(33)

where

B6(Z)=Z2[A6(Z)---44(Z)]--219A4(Z)- 5A2(Z)
tinn ( krl )Pn
dr1.
bn(g'ga)=k4fro-3-(2)
(r)
(24)

The velocitypotentialqnowconsists
of two parts.The
first part can be seento correspond
to the expression
for
the uniformvelocitycase,Eq. ( 11). The secondpart is the
modifyingterm causedby the nonuniformvelocityon the

+Ao(Z) ] +2[A2(Z)---o(Z) ]
+!ZoAs(Z)_15A4(Z) +B4(Z).
5

(34)

Usingtheseequations,
the relationbelowcanbe obtained
by induction,

[ n/2 ]

2(n--l)
[n/-l]
(--1)
m+l
Z (--1)m+l(2n--4m+l)An-2m(Z)
+
Bn
(Z):g2
(,ZI
n(Z)-- An-2(Z))--2
(n--l)

r/

m=l

2(2n-- 1)

X (2n--4m--3)An_2m_2(Z)q-

2(n-- 1) (2n--3)

Zorn_ 1( Z ) --

The aboveequationcanbe furthersimplifiedby firstletting

n--1

An_2(g ) -[-

Bn_2, n > 3.

(35)

It then follows that

[ n/2-- 1]

[ n/2 ]

n>2,
gn(Z)= m=l (--1)m+l(2n--4m+l)An_2m(Z),

gn_2(Z)
--

(36)
where

( -- 1)m+l(2n_4m_ 3)An_2m_2(g),

n>4,

(38)

m=l

and thus

go(Z) =g (z) =o.

556

rn=l

J. Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol. 94, No. 1, July1993

(37)

gn(Z)-}-gn_2(Z)=(2n--3)An_2(Z),

n>2.

C. He and A. E. Hay:Near fieldof circularpiston

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(39)
556

1
0.9

o.8
0.7

0.6

o
0.4

.................

0.3

............

02

10

12

14

16

18

20

Z (cm)

FIG. 2. Acousticalpressureon the acousticalaxis, f= 2.0 MHz.

Substitutinggn(Z) into Eq. (35) finally givesthe recurrenceformula for Bn(Z) as

Bn(Z)
=Z2(An(Z)
--(n--1)
An_2(Z)
)+
2(n-- 1) (2n--3)

1(Z) --

an_2(Z )

2(n--l)

--2gn(Z) +

n--1

gn_2(Z) q-

those in the solid curve. As well, there are no zeroes in the

dashed curve, and its last maximum occurs at a point

nearer the piston surfacethan that of the solid curve, at

approximately
0.75a2/.All of thesecharacteristics
arein
goodagreement
with the resultsof Dekkeretal.7 and
Greenspan.
8

2(2n--1)

XZo_

FIG. 3. Three-dimensionalpressuredistribution, with uniform surface

velocity.

Bn_2(Z),

Figures 3 and 4 are three-dimensionalrepresentations

of the soundpressurefield for uniform and nonuniform v,
respectively,calculatedby using Eqs. (11 ) and (23). The
computationswere made in the z directionfor 0<z< 12 cm
and in the x direction

from the center of the circular

ator to 1.4 times the transducer

n > 3.

(40)

The aboveresult can be provedby differentiatingboth

sideswith respectto Z (Appendix B). Equation (40), for
n> 3, and Eqs. (28)-(31) for n<3, expressthe Bn(Z) as
functionsof the A n(Z), given by Eqs. ( 14)-(16). These
relations therefore mean that the velocity potential given
by Eq. (23) for the particular case of non-uniform displacementsat the transducersurfaceconsideredhere, can
be computedin terms of the coefficients
A n for the uniform
case.Sincethe recurrenceformulaecan be computedeasily
and the Bn(Z) convergerapidly, the velocity potential
go(r,O)can be evaluatedefficiently.Becauseno approxima-

radi-

radius. It can be seen that

an interferencepattern existsin both of them, but Fig. 4 is

much more regular and smooth, with sidelobesbeing essentiallyabsent.Theseresultsare similar to thosethat have
been obtainedby numerical integration for radially symmetric surface velocity distributionswith zero normal ve-

locityat theboundary.
4
tit. SPATtALLY
FIELD

AVERAGED

PRESSURE

IN THE

NEAR

Since the output of a receiver is proportional to the

averageacousticalpressureacting on its surface,in practi-

tion is used in the derivation, the result should be as exact

as specifiedby the convergencelimits.

it. NEAR

FIELD

OF A CIRCULAR

PLANE

RADIATOR

By use of the above equationsthe acousticalpressure

[=--po(db/dt)] is calculatedfor pointslocatedon a grid
in the x-z plane. In our calculation the diameter of the
piston is equal to 1.90 cm, the frequency f=2.0 MHz,
correspondingto a transducerused in a set of scattering

experiments
described
elsewhere.
TM
Thespeed
of soundin
wateristakento be 1483m s-1. We chose
r0=22 cm.
Figure 2 showsthe soundpressureon the acoustical
axis (i.e., the z axis). The dashedand solid curves,respectively, are the results with the nonuniform and uniform
velocity distributionon the pistonsurface.It is evidentthat
the extrema in the dashedcurve are small comparedwith
557

d. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 94, No. 1, July 1993

FIG. 4. Three-dimensionalpressuredistribution,with nonuniform surface velocity.

C. He and A. E. Hay: Near field of circular piston

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557

cal applications,knowing how beamwidth and average

pressureon the receiversurfacechangealong the acoustical axis is often important. We will use the formulasobtained aboveto determinehow the acousticalpressureon
the planewhich is perpendicularto the z axischangeswith
axial distance. (Here we use pressureinsteadof velocity
potential.The differencebetweenthem isjust a constantat
a given frequency.)
The spatially averagedvalue of p over the receiving
crystal is

a2/al
0.95

0.9

..........

0.95

0.85

i.0

0.8

0.75

0.7
0.65

0.6

----

pals2,

(41)

) $2 2

0.55
0

Z(cm)

wheres2 is the receivingcrystalarea, and d$2 pdp d.

From

the relation

p2

(to--r2)2.

(42)

Then ds2 is

ds2= r dr d.

FIG. 5. Average relative pressureon different sized receivingsurfaces

(radiusa2) producedby transmitter(radiusa 1) with nonuniformsurface
velocity,at f= 2.0 MHz.

(43)
is easily seenthat the averageacousticalpressureon the
receivingarea along the acousticalaxis changeslesswhen
the boundaryconditionfor the simply supportedradiator
is applied.The slopesof the curvesin Fig. 6 are alsolarger
than thosein Fig. 5, implyinggreaterbeam divergencein

SubstitutingEq. (23) into Eq. (41 ) gives

n=0

the uniform

1+ fn(go,Z1)--ak
bn(go,Z1)
X

Jn(kr) Pn

ro__r2

r dr dr) . (44)

The integral can be simplifiedas follows:

j n( kr ) Pn

r dr dc)

ro--r 2

case.

IV. CONCLUSIONS

A closed-formexpressionhas been derived for the

soundfield producedby a circular pistonwith nonuniform
surfacevelocity. The expressionhas the advantagesof including no approximationsand not requiring numerical
integration.
The resultsfor the near-fieldbeam pattern are consistent with thosethat have beenobtainedpreviouslyby nu-

mericalintegration.
4 Thatis, compared
to thenear-field

2re
f kra2
k2 dk(ro-r
2)

beam pattern producedby a circular piston with uniform

surfacevelocity, that from a piston with simple support
vibrating in the first mode is much less complex, being

---fRed k(ro-r2) Zhn(2)(Z)Pn

- dZ
2Yf

--k2Re[fn(g6,z[)],

(45)
0.95

whereZ6 = k (ro -- 1'2)andZ'1= kra2, withra2beingthedistancefrom the rim of the receivingplane to the origin of
the sphericalcoordinatesystem.Equation (44) then be-

0.9

0.85

comes

"

..

...................

0.95

...

0.8
..

..

0.75

Q)
=s2-
4rr2i
Yo(2n+
1)

....
+

Re[ f n(Z6,Z[) ].

- ak
2bn
(go,Zl)

(46)

Figure 5 showsthe valuesof averagerelative acoustical pressureon receivingplanesof differingsizesas a function axial distancez. Figure 6 showsthe same resultsfor
the casewhen v is uniform. By comparingFigs. 5 and 6, it
558

d. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 94, No. 1, July 1993

0.65

1.1

++++++++++++++

0.7

0'60

+++++++++++++++++++++++++
***.1.2

12

Z(cm)
FIG. 6. Average relative pressureon different sized receivingsurfaces
producedby transmitterwith uniform surfacevelocity,at f= 2.0 MHz.

C. He and A. E. Hay: Near field of circularpiston

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558

essentiallyfree of sidelobesand axial foci. Furthermore, it

is shownby computingthe averagepressureon receiving
surfacesof differentsizethat the near-fieldbeampatternin
the nonuniform caseapproachesthe divergence-freelimit
much more closelythan doesthe uniformly vibratingpiston. This appearsto be a new result.
The disappearance
of the sidelobes
and axial foci in the
nonuniformcase,shownhere for the velocity distribution
corresponding
to the first simplysupportedmode,and elsewhere for Gaussianand linearly taperedvelocitydistribu-

tions,
4isclearlyrelated
to thefactthatthevelocity
drops
monotonicallyto zero at the boundaryin thesecases.We
suggestthat this behaviourcanbe understoodphysicallyin
terms of the edge wave/plane wave interference.That is,
the beam pattern of a continuouswave uniform piston
source can be constructed

from the interference

between a

plane wave propagatingfrom the pistonface and an edge

wavegenerated
at thepiston
boundary.
4'15
Forthevelocity
distributionslisted above,the amplitudeof the edgewave
must be considerablyreduced compared to the uniform
case, and the attendant interference effects therefore

Similarly, for B4(Z)

largely suppressed.

APPENDIX

In

order

to show

how

the first

several

successive

Bn(Z) may be obtained,herewe givethe detailsassociated

with calculatingB2(Z) and B4(Z). The following three
relations

will be used in the calculation:

( n d-1)Pn+ (z) -- ( 2nd- 1)zPn(z)d-nPn_ (z) =0,

(A2)

; z--nh
2
(z)dz=
--z-nh
2
(z)
"n

"n--1

(A3)

ThenfromHasegawa
etal.9 wehave

;
and

= --ZP4 -

(z)+

(z) (z).

So,

We know

+ ho
(2)(Z) dZ
559

J. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 94, No. 1, July 1993

Therefore,
C. He and A. E. Hay: Near field of circularpiston

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559

B4(Z)=Z2ZI4(Z)-- 10ZI2(Z)
+ 2ZI0(Z)-+-ZoA3
(Z)

Bn(Z)=Z
2,4n(Z)--(n--1)
,4n-- 2(Z)
/,/
)+2(2n-1)

2a0(z ]

2(n-- 1) (2n--3)

XZon_l(Z ) --

=Z2 [ZI4(Z)---]A2
(Z) ] -- [ 10ZI2(Z)-2Ao(Z)]

2(n--l)

--2gn(Z) -'l'-

Other Bn(Z) may be obtainedin a similarway.

Zin_2(Z)

n--1

gn-2(Z) -'l'- n

Bn_2(Z),

n>3.
APPENDIX

Differentiationof the two sidesof Eq. (B 1) and usingEq.

(21) gives

Here, we rewrite Eq. (40)

=2Z An(Z)-- n An_2(Z)+z

Z hn(Z)Pn

(B1)

2(2n-- 1)

(Z)Pn

z.,,,n_2(Z)Pn_
2 -'

Zh2)2(Z)Pn_
2 --2-gn(Z)
n
() 2(n--1)(2n--3)
dZgn-2(Z)
+ n 3(2)(Z)Pn_2(_)
ZZh
(n2
)l(Z)en-1 --

2(n-- 1) d

n-1

Z hn_2

Rearrangingthe aboveequationandusingthe relation[Eq.

(39)]

gn(Z) ---gn_2(Z)-- (2n-- 3)zin_2(Z),

=--2Z hn_l(Z)Pn
-' -+-2Z
hn_l(Z)Pn_
2

we obtain

2(n--l)

2Zzin
(Z) --

2(2n-- 1)

gAn_
2(g) -'l-

2(2n--1)

goZh
(n221(
Z)

,,n_3(Z)Pn-2

() 2(2n--1)(2n--3)
Zh(n2)2(Z)

XPn-I

--

XPn-2 +

2(2n-- 1) d

dZgn2(Z)
=0.

(B2)

(B3)

dZgn-2'

Using relation

From the relations(14) and (15) for Zigthe firsttwo terms

in (B2) become

nPn(Z') = (2n-- 1)Z'Pn_i(Z')--(n--

1)Pn_2(Z'),

2(n--l)

2ZZin( Z ) --

gZin_2( g )

the first term on the rhs of (B3) can be rewritten as

2(2) (Z0)
-2Z
+2Z2
hn_l(Z)Pn_2
n
n-2(Z)
(2) ()--2(2n-1)ZA

=--2Z hn_(Z)P
n -

hn_l(Z)Pn

2(2n-- 1)

=--2Z hn_l(Z)P n

+2Z hn_l(Z)Pn_2

n Z2
hn_3(Z)Pn_2
2(2n--1)
(2) ()
-560

2(2n--1)
tl

[n/2-1
l

(--1)m+(2n--4m--3)
rn= l

J. Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol. 94, No. 1, July1993

--I-

Z hn_l(Z)Pn_
2 '' .

(B4)

Also usingthe relation

C. He andA. E. Hay:Nearfieldof circularpiston

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560

(z'):

(z')-

5H. D. Mair, L. Bresse,and D. A. Hutchins,"Diffractioneffectsof

(z'),

planar transducersusing a numerical expressionfor edge waves," J.

the third term in (B3) becomes

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