CHAPTER-1

SIMPLIFICATION
BASIC FORMULAE
1. (a+b) 2=a 2+b 2+2ab
2. (ab) 2=a 2+b 22ab
3. (a +b) 2 (ab) 2=4ab

4. (a+b) 2+ (ab) 2=2(a 2+b 2)

6. (a+b+c) 2=a 2+b 2+c 2+2(ab+bc+ca)

7. (a3+b3) = (a+b) (a 2ab+b 2)

8. (a3b3) = (ab) (a 2+ab+b 2)

9. (a3+b3+c33abc)= (a+b+c) (a 2+b 2+c 2abbcca)

10. If a+b+c=0, then a3+b3+c3=3abc.

TYPES OF NUMBERS

1. Natural Numbers:

1. Natural Numbers:
Counting numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 are called natural numbers

2. Whole Numbers:
All counting numbers together with zero form the set of whole numbers.
Thus,

(I)

0 is the only whole number which is not a natural number.

(II)

Every natural number is a whole number.

3. Integers:

All natural numbers, 0 and negatives of counting numbers i.e.,,

3,2,1,0,1,2,3,.. together form the set of integers.

(i) Positive Integers: 1, 2, 3, 4.. is the set of all positive integers.

(ii) Negative Integers: 1, 2, 3 is the set of all negative integers.

(iii) Non-Positive and Non-Negative Integers: 0 is neither positive nor negative.

So, 0,1,2,3,. represents the set of non-negative
integers, while 0,1,2,3,.. represents the set of non-positive integers.

4. Even Numbers:
A number divisible by 2 is called an even number, ex. 2, 4, 6, 8, etc.

5. Odd Numbers:
A number not divisible by 2 is called an odd number. e.g. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11

6. Prime Numbers:
A number greater than 1 is called a prime number, if it has exactly two factors,
namely 1 and the number itself.

7. Composite
Numbers greater than 1 which are not prime, are known as composite
numbers, e.g., 4,6,8,9,10,12.

Note:
(i) 1 is neither prime nor composite.

(ii) 2 is the only even number which is prime.

(iii) There are 25 prime numbers between 1 and 100 .

REMAINDER AND QUOTIENT:

"The remainder is r when p is divided by k" means p = kq + r the integer q is
called the quotient.

EVEN, ODD NUMBERS

A number n is even if the remainder is zero when n is divided by 2: n=2z+ 0 or
n=2z.
even X even = even
odd X odd = odd
even X odd = even
even + even = even
odd + odd = even
even + odd = odd

SOME IMPORTANT TRICKS

1. 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + + n = n(n + 1)/2

2. (1

+2

+3

+ ..... + n 2) = n ( n + 1 ) (2n + 1) / 6

3. (13 + 23 + 33 + ..... + n3) = (n(n + 1)/ 2) 2

4. Sum of first n odd numbers = n2

5. Sum of first n even numbers = n (n + 1)

For square and square root or cube and cube root

You must learn square and cube at least from number 1

SHORT TRICKS OF MULTIPLICATION

Multiplication of Two digit numbers:
(1) 13 x 13 = ?
The result of multiplication of two digit number is 1313 = 169.
Step 1: Multiply
Step 2: Do Cross-multiplication (13) = 3 and (13) = 3.
Step 3: Add both the result (13 + 13) = 6 and write down to the left of 9 (result
of step 1).
Step 4: Multiply left hand side numbers (11) = 1 and write down to the left
of 6 (result of step 3).
Finally the result we get 169. (Try to calculate all four steps in mind.)
(2) 87 x 33 =?
The result of multiplication of two digit number is 88 x 33 = 2871
Step 1: Multiply (37) = 21 note down 1 and carry 2 then,
Step 2: Do Cross-multiplication (38) = 24 and (37) = 21.
Step 3: Add both the result with carry (24 + 21 + 2) = 47 and write down 7 carry 4.
Step 4: Multiply left hand side numbers (38) = 24 and add carry (24 + 4) write
down to the left of 7 finally the result we get 2871. (Try to calculate all four steps in
mind.)

Multiplication of a Three digit numbers

(1) 175 x 157 =?
The result of multiplication of three digit number is 175157 = 27475.
Step 1: Multiply (57) = 35 (note down 5 carry
Step 2: Then do cross multiplication (77 + 55 + 3 (add carry)) = 77 (note down 7
carry 7).
Step 3: Again (17 + 15 + 75 + 7 (add carry)) = 54 (note down 4 carry 5).
Step 4: do cross multiplication and add carry (15 + 17 + 5 (add carry)) = 17
(note down 7 carry 1).
Step 5: Again (11 + 1) = 2, note it down.
And finally the result we get 27475.
(2) 275354 =?
The result of multiplication of three digit number is
275354 = 97350.
Step 1: Multiply (45) = 20 (note down 0 carry 2).
Step 2: Then do cross multiplication (55 + 47 + 2 (add carry)) = 55 (note down 5
carry 5).
Step 3: Again (42 + 35 + 57 + 5 (add carry)) = 63 (note down 3 carry 6).
Step 4: Again do cross multiplication and add carry (52 + 37 + 6) = 37 (note
down 7 carry 3).
Step 5: do multiplication of left numbers and add carry (32 + 3) = 9, note it down.
And finally the result we get 97350.

Multiplication of Three and Two digit numbers

(1) 295 x 19 =?
The result of multiplication of three and two digit number is 29519 = 5605.
Step 1: Multiply 59 = 45 (note down 5 and carry 4).
Step 2: Then do cross multiplication and add carry (99 + 51 + 4) = 90 (note
down 0 and carry 9).

Step 3: Again do cross multiplication and add carry (29 + 19 +9) = 36 (note
down 6 and
Step 4: Now multiply of left numbers and add carry (21 + 3) = 5, note it down.
And finally the result we get 5605.

(2) 195 x 19 =?
The result of multiplication of three and two digit number is 195 x 19 = 3705.
Step 1: Multiply 59 = 45 (note down 5 and carry 4).
Step 2: Then do cross multiplication and add carry (99 + 51 + 4) = 90 (note
down 0 and carry 9).
Step 3: Again do cross multiplication and add carry (19 + 19 +9) = 27 (note
down 7 and carry 2).
Step 4: Now multiply of left numbers and add carry (11 + 2) = 3, note it down.
And finally the result we get 3705.

Multiplication of Four and Two digit numbers

(1)4295 x 19 =?
The result of multiplication of three and two digit number is 429519 = 81605.
Step 1: Multiply 59 = 45 (note down 5 and carry 4).
Step 2: Then do cross multiplication and add carry (19 + 99 + 4) = 90 (note
down 0 and carry 9).
Step 3: Again do cross multiplication and add carry (19 + 92 +9) = 36 (note
down 6 and carry 3).
Step 4: Again do cross multiplication and add carry (94 + 12 +3) =41 (note
down 1 and carry 4).
Step 5: Now multiply of left numbers and add carry (14 + 4) = 8, note it down.
And finally the result we get 81605.

(2) 3457 x 23 =?
The result of multiplication of three and two digit number is 429519 =

Step 1: Multiply 37 = 21 (note down 1

Step 2: Then do cross multiplication and add carry (35 + 27 + 2) = 31 (note
down 1 and carry 3).Step 3: Again do cross multiplication and add carry (25 + 34
+3) = 25 (note down 5 and carry 2).
Step 4: Again do cross multiplication and add carry (24 + 33 +3) = 19 (note
down 9 and carry 1).
Step 5: Now multiply of left numbers and add carry (23 + 1) = 7, note it down.
And finally the result we get 79511.