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American Civil War
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Alumno: Ocampo Ibarra Pablo Emmanuel

Civil
War

The Civil War is the central event in America's historical

consciousness. While the Revolution of 1776-1783 created the United
States, the Civil War of 1861-1865 determined what kind of nation it
would be. The war resolved two fundamental questions left
unresolved by the revolution: whether the United States was to be a
dissolvable confederation of sovereign states or an indivisible nation
with a sovereign national government; and whether this nation, born
of a declaration that all men were created with an equal right to
liberty, would continue to exist as the largest slaveholding country in
the world. (The American Civil War. By Garry.W.Gallagher, Stephen D Engle,
Robert K Krick & Joseph T Glatthaar. Forward By Joseph M. McPherson)
Northern victory in the war preserved the United States as one nation and
ended the institution of slavery that had divided the country from its
beginning. But these achievements came at the cost of 625,000 lives-nearly as many American soldiers as died in all the other wars in which this
country has fought combined. The American Civil War was the largest and
most destructive conflict in the Western world between the end of the
Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the onset of World War I in 1914. (James C.
Bradford, A companion to American military history (2010) vol. 1, p. 101)

Econo
my of
the
Union

The Union economy grew and prospered during the war while fielding a
very large army and navy. The Republicans in Washington had a Whiggish
vision of an industrial nation, with great cities, efficient factories,
productive farms, all national banks, all knit together by a modern
railroad system. The South had resisted policies such as tariffs to
promote industry and homestead laws to promote farming because
slavery would not benefit. With the South gone and Northern Democrats
very weak in Congress, the Republicans enacted their legislation. At the
same time they passed new taxes to pay for part of the war and issued
large amounts of bonds to pay for the most of the rest. Economic
historians attribute the remainder of the cost of the war to inflation.
Congress wrote an elaborate program of economic modernization that
had the dual purpose of winning the war and permanently transforming
the economy. (Bestor 1964, p. 24-25.) (Gara, 1964, p. 190)
The United States needed $3.1 billion to pay for the immense armies and
fleets raised to fight the Civil War over $400 million just in 1862 alone.
Apart from tariffs, the largest revenue by far came from new excise taxes
a sort of value added taxthat was imposed on every sort of
manufactured item. Second came much higher tariffs, through several
Morrill tariff laws. Third came the nation's first income tax; only the
wealthy paid and it was repealed at war's end. (Avery Craven, The
Growth of Southern Nationalism, 18481861 (1953))
The Treasury started buying cotton during the war, for shipment to
Europe and northern mills. The sellers were Southern planters who
needed the cash, regardless of their patriotism. The Northern buyers
could make heavy profits, which annoyed soldiers like Ulysses Grant. He
blamed Jewish traders and expelled them from his lines in 1862 but
Lincoln quickly overruled this show of anti-semitism. Critics said the
cotton trade helped the South, prolonged the war and fostered
corruption. Lincoln decided to continue the trade for fear that Britain
might intervene if its textile manufacturers were denied raw material.
(McPherson 1988, pp. 234266.)
Secretary Chase, though a long-time free-trader, worked with Morrill to
pass a second tariff bill in summer 1861, raising rates another 10 points
in order to generate more revenues. These subsequent bills were
primarily revenue driven to meet the war's needs, though they enjoyed
the support of protectionists such as Carey, who again assisted Morrill in
the bill's drafting. The Morrill Tariff of 1861 was designed to raise

revenue. (Ordinances of Secession by State. Retrieved November 28,

2012.)

Econo
my of
the
Confe
derat
e
State
s

Across the South there were widespread rumors to the effect that the
slaves might engage in some sort of insurrection. Patrols were stepped up.
The slaves did become increasingly independent, and resistant to
punishment, but historians agree the threat never materialized. However, in
the invaded areas, insubordination was more the norm than loyalty to the
old master; Bell Wiley says, "It was not disloyalty, but the lure of freedom."
According to Wiley, many slaves became spies for the North, and large
numbers ran away to federal lines. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation was
an executive order of the U.S. government on January 1, 1863 changing the
legal status of 3 million slaves in designated areas of the Confederacy from
"slave" to "free." (Bell Irvin Wiley, Southern Negroes, 1861-1865 (1938) pp
21, 66-69)
Most whites were subsistence farmers who traded their surpluses locally.
The plantations of the South, with white ownership and an enslaved labor
force, produced substantial wealth from cash crops. It supplied two-thirds of
the world's cotton, which was in high demand for textiles, along with
tobacco, sugar, and naval stores (such as turpentine). These raw materials
were exported to factories in Europe and the Northeast. Planters reinvested
their profits in more slaves and fresh land, for cotton and tobacco depleted
the soil. There was little manufacturing or mining; shipping was controlled
by outsiders. (William L. Barney (2011). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Civil
War. Oxford Up. p. 291.)
The plantations that exploited over three million black slaves were the
principal source of wealth. Most were concentrated in "black belt" plantation
areas (because few white families in the poor regions owned slaves.) For
decades there had been widespread fear of slave revolts. During the war
extra men were assigned to "home guard" patrol duty and governors sought
to keep militia units at home for protection. Historian William Barney
reports, "no major slave revolts erupted during the Civil War." Nevertheless,
slaves took the opportunity to enlarge their sphere of independence, and
when union forces were nearby, many ran off to join them. ( Leslie
Alexander (2010). Encyclopedia of African American History. ABC-CLIO.
p. 351. )

Both the individual Confederate states and later the Confederate

government printed Confederate States of America dollars as paper
currency in various denominations, with a total face value of $1.5 billion.
Much of it was signed by the Treasurer Edward C. Elmore. Inflation became
rampant as the paper money depreciated and eventually became worthless.
The state governments and some localities printed their own paper money,
adding to the runaway inflation. ( William J. Cooper (2010). Jefferson Davis,
American. Knopf Doubleday. p. 378.)

Eman
cipati
on
Decla
ration

Abraham Lincolns original solution for ending slavery, which be

believed to be wrong, was far from radical and badly compromised.
Emancipation would be undertaken by state governments, with
national financing. It would be gradual, owners would receive
monetary compensation and emancipated slaves would be
encouraged to find a homeland outside the United States this last
idea known as colonization. But the slave holders were defiant.
Lincoln also took his plan to black Americans, saying slavery was the
greatest wrong inflicted on any people but qualifying this with the
prescription that because of racism, blacks would never achieve
equality in America and it is better for us both, therefore, to be
separated. He even seemed to hold black Americans accountable for
the Civil War. He had long seen blacks as an alien people who had
been unjustly uprooted from their homeland and were entitled to
freedom, but were not an intrinsic part of American society. During his
Senate campaign in Illinois, in 1858, he had insisted that blacks
should enjoy the same natural rights as whites (life, liberty and the
pursuit of happiness), but he opposed granting them legal equality or
the right to vote. (http://www.interestingreads.org/?
p=2166#sthash.ZUGRVGje.dpuf)
The Emancipation Proclamation broadened the goals of the Civil War.
While slavery had been a major issue that led to the war, Lincoln's
only mission at the start of the war was to maintain the Union. The
Proclamation made freeing the slaves an explicit goal of the Union
war effort. Establishing the abolition of slavery as one of the two

primary war goals served to deter intervention by Britain and France.

(1948, 1989: Vintage Books Edition, Random House, New York)