NAME: CABAY ZAMBRANO VALERIA

TEACHER: CAARTE AVILA JAIME

COURSE: 4TH SEMESTER A-1
SUBJECT: ENGLISH IV

HYDRAULICS
Hydraulics is the technology that uses a liquid, either water or oil (usually special oils), as a way
of transmitting the energy needed to move and operate mechanisms. Basically it consists in
increasing the pressure of this fluid (the oil) by means of elements of the hydraulic circuit (the
compressor) to use it as a useful work, usually in an element of exit called cylinder. The
increase of this pressure can be seen and studied by Pascal's principle.

Characteristics of the hydraulics

As all the hydraulics has its positive and negative side. With respect to the positive, we can say
that the hydraulic system when using oil is self-lubricating, the positioning of the mechanical
elements is adjusted and presiso because of the incom- patibility of the oil, the movement is
quite uniform, because it transmits the pressure faster than the compressed air. These would be
the most relevant positive features.
Between the negative ones we have to emphasize its dirt, it is flammable and explosive, it is
possible to the contamination and the temperatures, its constant elements are expensive, the oil
becomes old or it suffers wear, it has problems of cavitacion of air (entrance) can undergo
blocking.

Places where it developed

The first modern hydroelectric power station was built in 1880 in Northumberland, Great Britain.
The rebirth of hydroelectric power was due to the development of the electric generator,
followed by the improvement of the hydraulic turbine and due to the increase in electricity
demand in the early 20th century. In 1920, hydroelectric plants already generated a significant
share of total electricity production. Around the world, this type of energy represents about a
quarter of total electricity production, and its importance continues to increase. The countries in
which it constitutes the most important source of electricity are Norway (99%), Zaire (97%) and
Brazil (96%). The Itaipu plant, located on the Paran River, is located between Brazil and
Paraguay, opened in 1982 and has the largest generating capacity in the world. As a reference,
the Grand Coulee dam, in the United States, generates about 6500 Mw and is one of the
largest.

Power generation
The main source of energy of antiquity was the Greek "mill", constituted by a vertical wooden
axis, in whose inferior part there was a series of vanes submerged in the water. This type of mill
was mainly used to grind grains, the shaft passed through the lower machine and turned the
upper machine to which it was attached. Mills of this type required a swift current, and probably
originated in the colony regions of the Middle East, although Pliny the Elder attributes the
creation of water mills to grist grain in northern Italy. These mills were generally small and rather
slow, the grinding stone rotating at the same speed as the wheel, therefore had a small grinding

CABAY ZAMBRANO VALERIA

22/11/2016

NAME: CABAY ZAMBRANO VALERIA

TEACHER: CAARTE AVILA JAIME
COURSE: 4TH SEMESTER A-1
SUBJECT: ENGLISH IV
capacity, and its use was purely local. Nevertheless they can be considered the precursors of
the hydraulic turbine, and its use extended for more than three thousand years.

In some countries small power plants have been installed, with the capacity to generate
between a kilowatt and a megawatt. In many regions of China, for example, these small dams
are the main source of electricity. Other developing nations are using this system with good
results.

Earth science related to hydraulics

The following branches of the earth sciences are intimately related to hydraulics:
Mechanics of fluids.Mechanics of continuous media describing the movement of fluids (gases
and liquids), without taking into account the causes that cause it (kinematic) or taking them into
account (dynamic);
Hydrology, which analyzes the behavior of water in nature, in the various phases of the
hydrological cycle;
Hydrogeology, which deals with groundwater;
Hydrography, which deals with the description and systematic study of the different planetary
water bodies;
Oceanography, which studies all the physical, chemical and biological processes occurring at
sea and in the oceans.

CABAY ZAMBRANO VALERIA

22/11/2016

NAME: CABAY ZAMBRANO VALERIA

TEACHER: CAARTE AVILA JAIME
COURSE: 4TH SEMESTER A-1
SUBJECT: ENGLISH IV

Advantages over other energy sources

Availability: The water cycle makes it an inexhaustible resource.
Clean energy: It does not emit "greenhouse" gases, nor causes acid rain, nor does it produce
toxic emissions.
Cheap Energy: Its operating costs are low, and its technological improvement makes efficient
use of the available hydraulic resources.
Work at room temperature: No refrigeration systems or boilers are needed, which consume
energy and, in many cases, pollute.
The storage of water: Allows the supply for irrigation or the realization of recreational activities.
The flow control: Controls the risk of flooding and water dewatering.

Disadvantages
*Construction and commissioning requires significant investments. And the sites where
hydroelectric plants can be built in good economic conditions are limited.
*Dams become insurmountable obstacles for species such as salmon, which have to trace the
rivers to spawn. On the other hand, reservoirs affect the channels, cause erosion, and generally
affect the ecosystem of the place.
*Water impoverishment: The reservoir water does not have the conditions of salinity, dissolved
gases, temperature, nutrients, and other properties of water flowing through the river. The
sediment accumulates in the reservoir, reason why the rest of the river until the mouth finishes
getting impoverished of nutrients. It can also leave the final section of the rivers without a
minimum flow, especially in times of drought.
*Hydraulic sites are often far from large populations, so it is necessary to transport the electrical
energy produced through costly networks.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://benicaon.blogspot.com/p/caracteristicas-de-la-hidraulica.html
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%A1ulica

CABAY ZAMBRANO VALERIA

22/11/2016