CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY
Kumar, Amit, Tanvir Singh, Rakesh Khanna, and Yunfei Liu. "Life Cycle Assessment of
Wireless BTS to reduce Carbon Footprints." In 2013 International Conference on Alternative
Energy in Developing Countries and Emerging Economies (2013 AEDCEE), pp. 30-31. 2013.
In order to analyze and minimize the impact on environment from whole activities (initial to
final process), Life cycle assessment (LCA) should be used which will help in achieving carbon
credits. Carbon Credits provide an efficient mechanism to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions
by monetizing the reduction in emissions. In order to protect ourselves, our economy, and our
land from the adverse effects of climate change, we must reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and
other greenhouse gases. Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is the methodology which can be used to
consider carbon footprint or we can say that considering the impact on CO2 emissions. In this
paper, we have discussed the approach of LCA of wireless BTS which can help the telecom
operators to reduce the carbon footprints of Wireless mobile communication networks.
Rambabu A. Vatti, A.N. Gaikwad Throughput Improvement of Randomly Deployed Wireless
Personal Area Networks, IERI Procedia, Volume 7, pp. 42-48, Elsevier, 2014.
In this paper, the authors have proposed a solution to solve the problem of packet loss due to
over usage of the intermediate nodes. The authors have proposed a routing algorithm based on
the remaining energy at the intermediate nodes. Remaining energy based adaptive multi-hop
Algorithm (RAMA), which takes routing decisions based on the remaining energy at each of the
neighboring nodes and adopts short distance multi hop communication to relay the data from
source to sink node. The algorithm has been proved to be efficient in the terms of throughput and
energy consumption than the existing ones.
Krishnan, S. S., N. Balasubramanian, and A. Murali Ramakrishnan. "Energy consumption and
CO 2 emissions by the Indian mobile telecom industry."International Journal of Critical
Infrastructures 8, no. 2 (2012): 156-168.

The Indian mobile telecom industry, one of the fastest growing sectors in India, had 584.3
million subscribers in 20102011 registering an annual growth rate of 49.15%. The energy
consumed by the sector was 163 PJ and the corresponding CO2 emission was estimated at 32.9
million tons. In this paper, the mobile telecom industry is disaggregated into various segments,
based on the lifecycle of the device, and each segments contribution to the overall energy
consumption, and its respective CO2 emissions are discussed. In addition, the paper evaluates
four scenarios that examine the impact of energy efficiency on energy savings and the
corresponding CO2 emissions relative to the business as usual scenario for 20102020. The
results of the study provide an imperative to researchers working on next generation
infrastructure and energy efficiency to develop new technologies that will reduce the energy
consumption and the corresponding CO2 emissions of the growing Indian mobile telecom
industry.
Amanna, Ashwin. "Green Communications." Annotated Literature Review and Research
Vision (2010).
The developing world has turned to wireless communications as a leap frog technology past
wired communications which spurs its growth even more. Simultaneously, the industrialized
world has developed an insatiable demand for broadband data delivered through their cellular
handset. This meteoric rise in users and data demand alone does not create a crisis; however
when one evaluates the communications ecosystem from a carbon footprint and energy cost
perspective, the results are startling. A medium sized cellular network uses as much energy as
170,000 homes. While the cost of powering the needed base stations accounts for a staggering
50% of a service providers overall expenses. This impact is magnified by the requirement for
expensive dirty diesel fuel for many locations in developing regions. The deteriorating
economic landscape combined with the emerging emphasis on stewardship to the environment
has made the greening of communications an imperative. This document presents a research
vision for Green Communications. The core tenant of our Green Communications vision is to
reduce overall energy consumption within framework of optimizing system capacity and
maintaining user Quality of Service.

Charaan, R. M., R. Ramesh, and N. T. Kumar. "EFFECTIVE ANALYSIS ON R-LEACH

PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS." International Journal of Engineering &
Technology (0975-4024) 6, no. 3 (2014).
To extend the lifetime of WSN the LEACH protocol is implemented by forming clusters for
routing in a large scale network. LEACH protocol utilises the technique of selecting the cluster
head through random rotations of a local cluster to distribute evenly the energy load among the
wireless sensor network. In cluster communication distributed nodes transmit data packets to its
cluster head through intermediate nodes. Below a threshold energy level these nodes loses its
energy and packets get dropped. In the proposed system an amendment in LEACH protocol in
order to extend the lifetime of entire network and to avoid the data loss an alternative node is
made to replace the original. This increases the number of data packets delivered to the base
station.