Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
LABORATORY
MULLAINATHAN.N
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely thank our respected chairman, Dr. G.KATHAMUTHU, G.K.M
Group of Educational Institutions for all his efforts and administrations in
educating us in his prestigious institution.
I
take
this
opportunity
to
thank
our
CEO,
Dr.SUJATHA
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Tension test on mild steel rod
2. Compression test on wood
3. Double shear test on metal
4. Torsion test on mild steel rod
5. Impact test on metal specimen (Izod and Charpy)
6. Hardness test on metals (Rockwell and Brinell Hardness
Tests)
7. Deflection test on metal beam
8. Compression test on helical spring
AIM
To conduct a tensile test on a mild steel specimen and determine the following
i.
Limit of proportionality
ii.
Elastic limit
iii.
Yield strength
iv.
Ultimate strength
v.
vi.
Percentage elongation
vii.
APPARATUS
i.
ii.
iii.
Graph paper
iv.
Scale
v.
Vernier Caliper
DIAGRAM
THEORY
The tensile test is most applied one, of all mechanical tests. In this test ends of test piece
are fixed into grips connected to a straining device and to a load measuring device. If the applied
load is small enough, the deformation of any solid body is entirely elastic. An elastically
deformed solid will return to its original from as soon as load is removed. However, if the load is
too large, the material can be deformed permanently. The initial part of the tension curve which
is recoverable immediately after unloading is termed. As elastic and the rest of the curve which
represents the manner in which solid undergoes plastic deformation is termed plastic. The stress
below which the deformations essentially entirely elastic is known as the yield strength of
material. In some material the onset of plastic deformation is denoted by a sudden drop in load
indicating both an upper and a lower yield point. However, some materials do not exhibit a sharp
yield point. During plastic deformation, at larger extensions strain hardening cannot compensate
for the decrease in section and thus the load passes through a maximum and then begins to
decrease. This stage the ultimate strength which is defined as the ratio of the load on the
specimen to original cross-sectional area, reaches a maximum value. Further loading will
eventually cause neck formation and rupture.
PROCEDURE
1. Measure the original length and diameter of the specimen. The length may either be length of
gauge section which is marked on the specimen with a preset punch or the total length of the
specimen.
2. Insert the specimen into grips of the test machine and attach strain-measuring device to it.
3. Begin the load application and record load versus elongation data.
4. Take readings more frequently as yield point is approached.
5. Measure elongation values with the help of dividers and a ruler.
6. Continue the test till Fracture occurs.
7. By joining the two broken halves of the specimen together, measure the final length and
diameter of specimen.
OBESERVATION
A) Original dimensions
Length = -----------Diameter = --------Area = -------------B) Final Dimensions
Length = ------------------Diameter = ----------------Area = -----------------------OBESERVATION TABLE
S.NO
Extension
(mm)
Length
1
2
3
4
5
MODEL GRAPH
RESULT
i) Average Breaking Stress =
ii) Ultimate Stress =
iii) Average % Elongation =
PRECAUTION
7
1. If the strain measuring device is an extensometer it should be removed before necking begins.
2. Measure deflection on scale accurately & carefully
Ex.No2
AIM
Formulae
Youngs modulus = slope of stress Vs Strain.
Ultimate compressive strength = Force (N) just before rupture / (original c/s area)
Percentage reduction in length = (initial length- final length)*100/initial length.
PROCEDURE
1. Dimensions of test piece is measured at 3 different places along its height/length to determine
the average c/s area.
2. Ends of the specimen should be plane. For that the ends are tested on a bearing plate.
3. The specimen is placed centrally between the two compressions plates, such that the center of
moving head is vertically above the center of specimen.
4. Load is applied on the specimen by moving the movable head.
5. The load and the corresponding contraction are measured at different intervals. The load
interval may be as 500kg.
6. Load is applied until the specimen fails.
OBSERVATION:
1. Initial length or height of specimen h =______mm.
S.NO
Applied
Recorded
Load (N)
in length
Change Stress=Load/area
Strain=change
length/original length
1
2
3
4
CALCULATION
For compression test, we can
a. Draw stress-strain (a-s) curve in compression,
b. Determine Youngs modulus in compression,
c. Determine ultimate (max.) compressive strength, and
d. Determine percentage reduction in length (or height) to the specimen
RESULT:
9
in
Ex.No 3
AIM
To conduct shear test on specimens under double shear.
APPARATUS
i.
ii.
iii.
Specimens
DIAGRAM
10
THEORY
Place the shear test attachment on the lower table, this attachment consists of cutter. The
specimen is inserted in shear test attachment & lift the lower table so that the zero is adjusted,
then apply the load such that the specimen breaks in two or three pieces.If the specimen breaks in
two pieces then it will be in single shear & if it breaks in three pieces then it will be in double
shear.
PROCEDURE:
1. Insert the specimen in position and grip one end of the attachment in the upper portion and one
end in the lower portion.
2. Switch on the main switch of universal testing machine.
3. The drag indicator in contact with the main indicator.
4. Select the suitable range of loads and space the corresponding weight in the pendulum and
balance it if necessary with the help of small balancing weights.
5. Operate (push) buttons for driving the motor to drive the pump.
6. Gradually move the head control level in left-hand direction till the specimen shears.
7. Down the load at which the specimen shears.
8. Stop the machine and remove the specimen
Repeat the experiment with other specimens.
11
Ex.No 4
AIM
To conduct torsion test on mild steel or cast iron specimens to find out modulus of rigidity
APPARATUS
1. A torsion testing machine.
2. Twist meter for measuring angles of twist
3. A steel rule and Vernier Caliper or micrometer.
12
DIAGRAM:-
OBESERVATION TABLE
Torque (T)
Angle
of
Twist () in
Radians
14
10
11
12
13
14
15
Modulus of
Rigidity(C)
RESULT
i) Modulus of rigidity of mild steel rod is ------------- N/mm2
ii) Modulus of rigidity of Aluminum rod is ------------- N/mm2
PRECAUTION
1) Measure the dimensions of the specimen carefully
2) Measure the Angle of twist accurately for the corresponding value of Torque.
Ex.No 5
AIM
To determine the impact strength of steel by Izod and Charpy impact test
APPARATUS
1. Impact testing machine
2. A steel specimen 75 mm X 10mm X 10mm
15
DIAGRAM
IZOD TEST
CHARPY TEST
\THEORY
An impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb energy during
plastic deformation. Static tension tests of unnotched specimens do not always reveal the
susceptibility of a metal to brittle fracture. This important factor is determined by impact test.
Toughness takes into account both the strength and ductility of the material. Several engineering
materials have to withstand impact or suddenly applied loads while in service. Impact strengths
16
are generally lower as compared to strengths achieved under slowly applied loads. Of all types of
impact tests, the notch bar tests are most extensively used. Therefore, the impact test measures
the energy necessary to fracture a standard notch bar by applying an impulse load. The test
measures the notch toughness of material under shock loading. Values obtained from these tests
are not of much utility to design problems directly and are highly arbitrary. Still it is important to
note that it provides a good way of comparing toughness of various materials or toughness of the
same material under different condition. This test can also be used to assess the ductile brittle
transition temperature of the material occurring due to lowering of temperature.
PROCEDURE
(a) lzod test
1. With the striking hammer (pendulum) in safe test position, firmly hold the steel specimen in
impact testing machines vice in such a way that the notch face the hammer and is half inside and
half above the top surface of the vice.
2. Bring the striking hammer to its top most striking position unless it is already there, and lock it
at that position.
3. Bring indicator of the machine to zero, or follow the instructions of the operating manual
supplied with the machine.
4. Release the hammer. It will fall due to gravity and break the specimen through its momentum,
the total energy is not absorbed by the specimen. Then it continues to swing. At its topmost
height
after breaking the specimen, the indicator stops moving, while the pendulum falls back. Note the
indicator at that topmost final position.
5. Again bring back the hammer to its idle position and back.
17
2. Bring the striking hammer to its top most striking position unless it is already there, and lock it
at that position.
3. Bring indicator of the machine to zero, or follow the instructions of the operating manual
supplied with the machine.
4. Release the hammer. It will fall due to gravity and break the specimen through its momentum,
the total energy is not absorbed by the specimen. Then it continues to swing. At its topmost
height after breaking the specimen, the indicator stops moving, while the pendulum falls back.
Note the indicator at that topmost final position.
5. The specimen is placed on supports or anvil so that the blow of hammer is opposite to the
notch.
OBESERVATION
a)Izod Test
S.No
Initial Energy(E1)
Residual Energy(E2)
Residual Energy(E2)
b) Charpy Test
S.No
Initial Energy(E1)
J/mm 2
b) Charpy Test
The impact Strength of the specimen =
J/mm 2
PRECAUTION
1. Measure the dimensions of the specimen carefully.
18
Ex.No 6
AIM
To conduct hardness test on mild steel, carbon steel, brass and aluminum specimens.
19
APPARATUS
Hardness tester, soft and hard mild steel specimens, brass, aluminum etc.
DIAGRAM
being used. Hardened steel, sintered tungsten carbide or diamond indenters are generally used in
indentation tests; a load is applied by pressing the indenter at right angles to the surface being
tested. The hardness of the material depends on the resistance which it exerts during a small
amount of yielding or plastic. The resistance depends on friction, elasticity, viscosity and the
intensity and distribution of plastic strain produced by a given tool during indentation.
A hardness test can be conducted on Brinell testing m/c, Rockwell hardness m/c or vicker testing
m/c. the specimen may be a cylinder, cube, thick or thin metallic sheet. A Brinell- cum-Rockwell
hardness testing m/c along with the specimen is shown in figure.Its specification are as follows:
1. Ability to determine hardness upto 500BHN.
2. Diameter of ball (as indentor) used D = 2.5mm, 5mm, 10mm.
3. Maximum application load = 3000kgf.
4. Method of load application = Lever type
5. Capability of testing the lower hardness range = 1 BHN on application of 0.5D2 load.
Rockwell hardness tester presents direct reading of hardness number on a dial provided with the
m/c. principally this testing is similar to Brinell hardness testing. It differs only in diameter and
material of the indentor and the applied force. Although there are many scales having different
combinations of load and size of indentor but commonly C scale is used and hardness is
presented as HRC. Here the indentor has a diamond cone at the tip and applied force is of 150
kgf. Soft materials are often tested in B scale with a 1.6mm dia. Steel indentor at 60kgf.
Various scale in Rockwell Hardness test are given below.
Scale
Type of Indentor
Initial Load
Kind of Material
Cone,120o
10
50
Ball,1.58mm
10
90
30
Cone,120o
10
140
PROCEDURE
1. Insert ball of diameter D in ball holder of the m/c.
21
2. Make the specimen surface clean by removing dust, dirt, oil and grease etc.
3. Make contact between the specimen surface and the ball by rotating the jack adjusting wheel.
4. Push the required button for loading.
5. Pull the load release level and wait for minimum 15 second. The load will automatically apply
gradually.
6. Remove the specimen from support table and locate the indentation so made.
7. View the indentation through microscope and measure the diameterd by micrometer fitted on
microscope.
8. Repeat the entire operation, 3-times.
Diameter of Indentation
BHN
d(mm)
BHN = Load Applied (kgf.)/ Spherical surface area indentation (in mm.)
BHN= 2P/D(D-D2 d2)
(b) Rockwell Hardness Test
Following observation are recorded are from a test on steel specimen using a hardened steel ball
as indentor.
Test piece material =---------- HRA = 100-(t/0.002)
HRB = 130-(t/0.002)
HRC = 100-(t/0.002)
RESULT
Brinell hardness number of the specimen is -------22
Ex.No7
.AIM
23
To find the values of bending stresses and youngs modulus of elasticity of the material
of a beam simply supported at the ends and carrying a concentrated load at the centre.
APPARATUS
1. Deflection of beam apparatus
2. Pan
3. Weights
4. Beam of different cross-sections and material
DIAGRAM
24
, and
Y = Distance of the top fiber of the beam from the neutral axis
PROCEDURE
1. Adjust cast- iron block along the bed so that they are symmetrical with respect to the length of
the bed.
2. Place the beam on the knife edges on the block so as to project equally beyond each knife
edge. See that the load is applied at the center of the beam
3. Note the initial reading of Vernier scale.
4. Add a weight of 20N (say) and again note the reading of the Vernier scale.
5. Go on taking readings adding 20N (say) each time till you have minimum six readings.
6. Find the deflection () in each case by subtracting the initial reading of Vernier scale.
7. Draw a graph between load (W) and deflection () . On the graph choose any two convenient
points and between these points find the corresponding values of W and . Putting these Values
in the relation
8. Calculate the bending stresses for different loads using relation
25
OBESERVATION TABLE
S.NO
Load W(N)
Bending
Bending
Moment
Stress
Deflection
2
3
4
5
RESULT
1. The youngs modulus for metal beam is found to be-----.,
PRECAUTION
1. Make sure that beam and load are placed a proper position.
2. The cross- section of the beam should be large.
3. Note down the readings of the Vernier scale carefully
AIM
To determine the stiffness of the spring and modulus of rigidity of the spring wire
APPARATUS
i.
ii.
A spring
Modulus
Elasticity
M=
Ex.No8
Youngs
26
of
iii.
iv.
Micrometer.
DIAGRAM
THEORY
Springs are elastic member which distort under load and regain their original shape when
load is removed. They are used in railway carriages, motor cars, scooters, motorcycles,
rickshaws, governors etc. According to their uses the springs perform the following Functions:
1) To absorb shock or impact loading as in carriage springs.
2) To store energy as in clock springs.
27
= D - dmm
Number of turns, n =
OBESERVATION TABLE
28
S.NO
Load W (N)
Deflection (mm)
Stiffness K=
Mean K=
Modulus of Rigidity
Spring Index =
RESULT
The value of spring constant k of closely coiled helical spring is found to be------------ N / mm
PRECAUTION
1) The dimension of spring was measured accurately.
2) Deflection obtained in spring was measured
29
Ex.No 9
AIM
To determine the modulus of rigidity and stiffness of the given tension spring specimen.
APPARATUS AND SPECIMEN REQUIRED
1. Spring test machine
2. Tension spring specimen
3. Vernier caliper
PROCEDURE
1. Measure the outer diameter (D) and diameter of the spring coil (D) for the given tension
spring.
2. Count the number of turns i.e. coils (n) of the given specimen.
3. Fit the specimen in the top of the hook of the spring testing machine.
4. Adjust the wheel at the top of the machine so that the other end of the specimen can be fitted
to the bottom hook in the machine.
5. Note down the initial reading from the scale in the machine.
6. Apply a load of 25kg and note down the scale reading. Increase the load at the rate of 25kg up
to a maximum of 100kg and note down the corresponding scale readings.
7. Find the actual deflection of the spring for each load by deducting the initial scale reading
from the corresponding scale reading.
8. Calculate the modulus of rigidity for each load applied by using the following formula:
Modulus of rigidity,
Where,
P = Load in N
R = Mean radius of the spring in mm (D d /2)
d = Diameter of the spring coil in mm
30
mm
Scale reading Actual
Modulus
in mm
deflection
rigidity
in mm
In N/mm2
S.No
Kgf
1
2
3
4
5
6
Result
The modulus of rigidity of the given spring = -------------------N/mm2
The stiffness of the given spring
= -------------------N/mm2
31
of Stiffness
N/mm
in
Ex.No 10
Test on cement
AIM
To determine the soundness of the given sample of cement by "Le Chatelier" Method and to
determine the quantity of water required to produce a cement paste of standard consistency.
APPARATUS
Le-Chatelier apparatus conforming to IS 5514-1969, Vicat apparatus (conforming to IS: 5513 1976) with plunger (10 mm in diameter) balance, weights, gauging trowel Balance, Weights,
Water bath.
DIAGRAM
32
33
34
INTRODUCTION
It is essential that the cement concrete shall not undergo appreciable change in volume
after setting. This is ensured by limiting the quantities of free lime, magnesia and sulphates in
cement which are the causes of the change in volume known as unsoundness. Unsoundness in
cement does not come to surface for a considerable period of time. This test is designed to
accelerate the slaking process by the application of heat and discovering the defects in a short
time. Unsoundness produces cracks, distortion and disintegration there by giving passage to
water and atmospheric gases which may have injurious effects on concrete and reinforcement.
The apparatus for conducting the test consists of small split cylinder of spring brass or other
suitable metal of 0.5mm thickness forming a mould 30 mm internal diameter and 30mm high.
On either side of the split mould are attached to indicators with pointed ends, the distance from
these ends to the center of the cylinder being 165 mm. The mould shall be kept in good condition
with the jaws not more than 50mm apart.
The standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency
which will permit the vicat plunger to penetrate to a point 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of the vicat
mould. For finding out initial setting time, final setting time, soundness of cement and
compressive strength of cement, it is necessary to fix the quantity of water to be mixed in cement
in each case. This experiment is intended to find out the quantity of water to be mixed for a given
cement to give a cement paste of normal consistency and can be done with the help of vicat
apparatus.
PROCEDURE
(a) To determine the soundness of the given sample of cement
1. Place the lightly oiled mould on a lightly oiled glass sheet and fill it with cement paste formed
by gauging cement with 0.78 times the water required to give a paste of standard consistency.
2. The paste shall be gauged in the manner and under the conditions prescribed in determination
of consistency of standard cement paste, taking care to keep the edges of the mould gently
together
3. While this operation is being performed cover the mould with another piece of glass sheet,
place a small weight on this covering glass sheet and immediately submerge the whole assembly
in water at a temperature of 27 0 - 20 C and keep there for 24 hours.
35
36
OBSERVATIONS
(a) Soundness of cement
Sample 1
Initial distance between the indicator points in mm =
Final distance between the indicator points in mm =
Expansion in mm = final length - initial length =
Sample 2
Initial distance between the indicator points in mm =
Final distance between the indicator points in mm =
Expansion in mm = final length - initial length =
Sample 3
Initial distance between the indicator points in mm =
Final distance between the indicator points in mm =
Expansion in mm = final length - initial length =
(b) Normal consistency of cement
S. No
Weight of
cement
taken in gms
(a)
Weight of
water
taken in gms
(b)
Plunger
penetration
(mm)
RESULT:
The average Expansion in mm is ______________
Normal consistency for the given sample of cement is_______
37
Time
Taken
Consistency of
cement in % by
weight b/a * 100
PRECAUTIONS
Clean appliances shall be used for gauging. In filling the mould the operator hands and
the blade of the gauging trowel shall alone be used. The temperature of cement, water and that of
test room, at the time when the above operations are being performed, shall be 27 + 2 C. For
each repetition of the experiment fresh cement is to be taken.
38