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I.
INTRODUCTION
II.
RELATED WORK
III.
DESIGN
where :
T sensedEnergy is that fraction of time that a node is transmittinga packet to
thechannel , is receiving a packet from the channel , issensing
transmissionenergy beit collision , interference , or noise
in thechannel
AND IMPLEMENTATION
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Channel Load
Ch _ load=
busy _ count
scan _ count
(2)
(3)
where :
CLAW j t The value of CLAW at timet
isa tunable parameter :0 1,here 0.5is used
Ch _ load j isthe current observed channel load at node j
CLAW j t1 isthe previous CLAW
t refers tothe current measuring period
CLAW P t = CLAW j t
(4)
jP
where :
CLAW P t isthe equivalent path metric based on CLAW
1.2
Estimated
Channel Load
Estimated
Packet In the Air
Node 0 Ch_load
Node 1 Ch_load
Node 2 Ch_load
1
0.8
percent of time
From the point of view of a node, the channel is in use, i.e. busy,
when the node is either transmitting or receiving a packet from the
channel, or if it senses any transmission energy that hinders
successful transmission such as those resulting from collisions,
interference, or other forms of noise. In addition, the channel may
likewise be considered busy when the node is blocked from
accessing the channel, such as due to the back-off and defer periods
in the distributed coordination function (DCF) in the IEEE 802.11
standard [35]. If all these events can be classified into one of two
fractional components of time, called TsensedEnergy and
TblockedForAccess, then channel load is the total fraction of time that a
node is busy due to any of these contributing events. Equation (1)
expresses this definition of channel load.
We derived this definition from the result of a simple experiment
with three IEEE 802.11b nodes
placed within a single collision domain. In the experiment, a node
Node0 sent packets to another node Node1 until channel saturation,
while a third node Node2 silently observed. Although the physical
layer of all three nodes sensed the channel with the same degree of
actual utilization (i.e. amount of time packets occupied the channel),
the sender Node0 was loaded/busier (see Fig. 2) than the the receiver
Node1 and the observer Node2, all the way through saturation,
because of the blocking time (back-off and defer periods) in the DCF
functionality of IEEE 802.11b[35]. At saturation, although the
sender viewed channel load to be 100% the receiver and observer
only viewed the channel as around 78% loaded. It is interesting to
note that the 78% load approximated the ratio of time the packets
propagating in the air occupied the channel. This is comparable to
the throughput saturation encountered at around 80% channel
busyness by others [36]. Generally, saturation throughputs have not
been achieved at 100% busyness [36], [37] as may be intuitively
expected from such a metric, because the back-off and defer periods
in the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol were not taken into account. In
contrast, by taking these into account, the CLAW metric is able to
account for the missing ~20% busyness. Thus, not only can CLAW
effectively identify busy regions, in addition, it can discriminate
between loaded and non-loaded nodes within such busy regions.
A.
(1)
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0.4
0.2
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0
B.
Implementation
V.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work has been supported by the Engineering Research and
Development for Technology (ERDT) Consortium, Department of
Science and Technology Science Education Institute (DOST-SEI),
Republic of the Philippines.
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CLAW
HopC
500
Throughput (kbps)
CONCLUSIONS
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0
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0.5
1.5
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4.5
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