PROGRAM BCA - SEMESTER - 4

SUBJECT CODE & NAME - BCA4010, COMPUTER

NETWORKING
1. What is OSI model? Explain all its layers with
diagram.
OSI model:
Before 1990s data communication model had been used, in 1990s open
system Interconnection (OSI) was used. Later TCP/ Ip protocol suit has been
developed such that it was easy to use and efficient to other. Established in
1947, the International Standards Organization (ISO) is a multinational body
dedicated to worldwide agreement on International standards. An ISO standard
that covers all aspects of network communications is the OSI model, which was
first introduced in 1970s. Open System: A set of protocols that allows any two
different systems to communicate regardless of their underlying architecture.
Purpose of OSI Model: It shows how to facilitate communication between different
systems without requiring changes to the logic of underlying hardware and
software.

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2. What is Message and Packet switching?

Message switching
Message switching was the precursor of packet switching, where messages were
routed in their entirety and one hop at a time. It was first introduced by Leonard
Kleinrock in 1961. Message switching systems are nowadays mostly
implemented over packet-switched or circuit-switched data networks. Hop-by-hop
Telex forwarding are examples of message switching systems. E-mail is another
example of a message switching system. When this form of switching is used, no
physical path is established in advance in between sender and receiver. Instead,
when the sender has a block of data to be sent, it is stored in the first
switching office (i.e. router) then forwarded later at one hop at a time.
Each block is received in its entity form, inspected for errors and then
forwarded or re-transmitted. It is a form of store-and-forward network. Data is
transmitted into the network and stored

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3. What is Stop-and-Wait
Request? Briefly explain.

Automatic

Repeat

Stop-and-Wait Automatic Repeat Request

This protocol adds a simple error control mechanism to the stop-and-wait
protocol. To detect and correct corrupted frames, we need to add redundancy
bits to our data frame. When the frame arrives at the receiver site, it is checked and
if it is corrupted, it is silently discarded. The detection of errors in this protocol is
manifested by the silence of the receiver. Lost frames are more difficult to handle
than corrupted ones. The corrupted and lost frames need to be resent in this
protocol. If the receiver does not respond when there is an error, how can the
sender know which frame to resend? To remedy this problem, the sender keeps
a copy of the sent frame. At the same time it starts a timer. If the timer expires

and there is no acknowledgement for the sent frame, the frame is

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4. What is the role of Internet Protocol version 4
(IPV4) in addressing and routing packets between
hosts? Briefly explain the structure of an IPV4
packet.
Role of Internet Protocol version 4 (IPV4)
IPV4 is a datagram protocol primarily responsible for addressing and routin g
packets between hosts. IPV4 is connectionless, which means that it does not
establish a connection before exchanging data, and unreliable, which means
that it does not guarantee packet delivery. IPV4 always makes a best effort
attempt to deliver a packet. An IPV4 packet might be lost, delivered out of
sequence, duplicated, or delayed. IPV4 does not attempt to recover from these
types of errors. A higher-layer protocol, such as TCP or an application protocol,
must acknowledge delivered packets and recover lost packets if needed. IPV4 is
defined in RFC 791. An IPV4 packet consists of an IPV4 header and an IPV4
payload. An IPV4 payload, in turn, consists of an upper layer protocol data unit,

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5. Discuss about different DNS Resource Record

Types.
Resource Record Types
The DNS standards define many types of resource
commonly used resource records are the following:

records.

The

most

SOA: Identifies the start of a zone of authority. Every zone contains an SOA
resource record at the beginning of the zone file, which stores information
about the zone, configures replication behavior, and sets the default TTL for names
in the zone.
A: Maps an FQDN to an IPv4 address.
AAAA: Maps an FQDN to an IPv6 address.

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6. Briefly explain five

Internet Mail Extensions.

parts

of

Multipurpose

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)

Electronic mail is probably the most widely used TCP/IP application. However,
SMTP is limited to 7-bit ASCII text, with a maximum line length of 1000 characters.
This results in a number of limitations, including:
SMTP cannot transmit executable files or other binary objects. There are ad hoc
methods of encapsulating binary items in SMTP mail items, such as:
Encoding the file as pure hexadecimal
The UNIX uuencode and uudecode utilities, used to encode binary data in the
UNIX-to-UNIX Copy (UUCP) mailing system

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