Ch.

5
Digital security risk
o Is any event or action that could cause a loss of or damage to
computer or mobile device hardware, software, data, information, or
processing capability.
Computer crime
o Any illegal act involving the use of a computer or related devices
generally
Cybercrime
o Refers to online or internet-based illegal acts such as distributing
malicious software or committing identity theft.
Hacker
o Has a derogatory meaning and refers to someone who accesses a
computer or network illegally.
Cracker
o Is someone who accesses a computer or network illegally but has the
intent of destroying data, stealing information, or other malicious
action.
Script kiddie
o Has the same intent as cracker but does not have the technical skills
and knowledge.
o Use prewritten hacking and cracking programs to break into computers
and networks
Cyberextortionist
o Is someone who demands payment to stop an attack on an
organizations technology infrastructure.
Cyberterrorist
o Is someone who uses the Internet or network to destroy or damage
computers for political reasons.
o Cyber warfare
Describes an attack whose goal ranges from disabling a
governments computer network to crippling a country.
Malware
o Short for malicious software
o Consists of programs that act without a users knowledge and
deliberately alter the operations of computers and mobile devices.
Payload
o Destructive event or prank, on a computer or mobile device in a
variety of ways, such as when a user opens an infected file, runs an
infect program, connects an unprotected computer or mobile device to
a network, or when a certain condition or event occurs, such as the
computers clock changing to a specific date.
Botnet
o Or also called zombie army

Is a group of compromised computers or mobile devices connected to

a network such as the internet that are used to attack other
networks, usually for nefarious purposes
Zombie
o Is one whose owner is unaware the computer or device is being
controlled remotely by an outsider
Bot
o Is a program that performs a repetitive task on a network
Denial of service attack (DoS attack)
o Is an assault whose purpose is to disrupt computer access to an
internet service such as the web or email.
o Distributed Dos attack (DDos attack0
In which a zombie army is used to attack computers or
computer networks.
Back door
o Is a program or set of instructions in a program that allows users
to bypass security controls when accessing a program, computer,
or network.
Spoofing
o Is a technique intruders use to make their network or internet
transmission appear legitimate to a victim computer or network
o Two common types include:
Email spoofing
Occurs when the senders address or other components of
an email header are altered so that it appears that the
mail message originated forma different sender.
IP Spoofing
Occurs when an intruder computer fools a network into
believing its IP address is associated with a trusted
source.
Firewall
o Is hardware and/or software that protects a networks resources from
intrusion by users on another network such as the internet.
Personal firewall
o Is a software firewall that detects and protects a personal computer
and its data form unauthorized intrusions.
Unauthorized access
o Is the use of a computer or network without permission
Unauthorized use
o Is the use of a computer or its data for unapproved or possibly
illegal activities
Acceptable use policy (AUP)
o Outlines the activities for which the computer and network may and
may not be used.
Audit trail
o Records in a file both successful and unsuccessful access attempts.
User name (or user ID)
o

Is a unique combination of characters, such as letters of the alphabet

or numbers, that identifies one specific user.
Password
o Is a private combination of characters associated with the user name
that allows access to certain computer resources.
PIN (personal identification number)
o Is a numeric password, either assigned by a company or selected by a
user.
o Provided an additional level of security
Biometric device
o Authenticates a persons identity by translating a personal
characteristic, such as fingerprint, into a digital code that is compared
with a digital code stored in a computer verifying a physical or
behavioral characteristic.
Fingerprint reader
o Or scanner, captures curves and indentations of a fingerprint.
Face recognition system
o Captures a live face image and compares it with a stored image to
determine if the person is a legitimate user.
Band geometry system
o Measures the shape and size of a persons hand.
o Can be expensive
Voice verification system
o Compares a persons live speech with their stored voice pattern.
Signature verification system
o Recognizes the shape of your handwritten signature, as well as
measures the pressure exerted and the motion used to write the
signature.
Digital forensics
o Also called cyber forensics
o Is the discovery, collection, and analysis of evidence found on
computers and networks.
o Involves the examination of media, programs, data and log files on
computers, mobile devices, servers, and networks.
Software theft
o Occurs when someone steals software media, intentailly erases
programs, illegally registers and/or activates a program, or illegally
copies a program
Software piracy
o Is when a perpetrator copies software from manufactures
o Often called piracy
Is the unauthorized and illegal duplication of copyrighted
software.
Most common form of software theft.
Product activation
o

Is conducted either online or by phone, users provide the software

products identification number to associate the software with the
computer or mobile device on which the software is installed.
License agreement
o Is the right to use software
o Single-user license agreement
Most common type of license included with software purchased
by individual users
Also called an end-user license agreement (EULA)
Network license
o Is a legal agreement that allows multiple users to access the software
on the server simulatanouely.
Site license
o Is a legal agreement that permits users to install the software on
multiple computers , usually at a volume discount.
Information theft
o Occurs when someone steals personal or confidential information.
Encryption
o Is the process of converting data that is readable by humans into
encoded characters to prevent unauthorized access.
Decrypt
o Or decode it, in order to read the data
Plaintext
o In the encryption process, the unencrypted, readable data
Cipher text
o Encrypted (scrambled) data
Encryption algorithm
o Or cypher is a set of steps that can convert readable plaintext into
unreadable cipher text .
Encryption key
o Is a set of characters that the originator of the data uses to encrypt the
plaintext and the recipient of the data uses to decrypt the ciphertext.
Symmetric key encryption
o Also called the private key encryption that both the originator and
the recipient use the same secret key to encrypt and ecprty the data.
Public key encryption
o Also called asymmetric key encryption
Uses two encryption keys: a public key and private key.
Virtual private network (VPN)
o Provides the mobile user with a secure connection to the company
network server, as if the user has a private line.
Digital signature
o Is an encrypted code that a person, website, or organization attaches
to an electronic message to verify the identify of the message sender.
Digital certificate
o Is a notice that guarantees a user or a website is legitimate.
o E-commerce apps commonly use digital certificates.
o

 Secure site
o A website that uses encryption techniques to secure its data
o Web addresses of secure sites often begin with https instead of http
Backup
o Is a duplicate or a file, program, or media that can be used if the
original is lost, damaged or destroyed
Back up(with a space)
o A file means to make a copy of it.
Restore
o In case of system failure or the discovery of corrupted files, you restore
the files by copying the backed up files to their original location on the
computer or mobile device.
Grandparent
o Is the oldest copy of the file
Parent
o Is the second oldest copy of the file
Child
o Is the most recent copy of the file
Disaster recovery plan
o Is a written plan that describes the steps an organization would take to
restore its computer operations in the event of a disaster.
Computer ethics
o Are moral guidelines that govern the use of computers, mobile devices,
and devices, and information systems.
Intellectual property (IP)
o Refers to unique and original works such as ideas, inventions, art,
writerings, processes, company and product names, and logos.
Intellectual property rights
o Are the rights to which creators are entitles for their work.
Copyright
o Gives authors, artists, and other creators of original work exclusive
rights to duplicate, publish, and sell their materials.
Digital rights management (DRM)
o A strategy designed to prevent illegal distribution of movies, music,
and other digital content.
Code of conduct
o Is a written guideline that helps determine wheter a specification is
ethical/unethical or allowed/not allowed.
Green computing
o Involves reducing the electircy an environmental waste while using
computers, mobile devices, and related technologies.
Energy star program
o Helps reduce the amount of electricity used by computers and related
devices. Encourages manufactures to create energy-effacement
devices.
Power usage effectiveness (PUE)

Is a ratio that measures how much power enters the computer facility
or data center against the amount of power required to run the
computers and devices.
Information privacy
o Refers to the right of individuals and companies to deny or restrict the
collection, use, and dissemination of information about them.
Cookie
o Is a small text file that a web server stores on your computer
o Contains data about you, such as your user name, postal code, or
viewing preferences.
Phishing
o Is a sam in which a preparatory sends an official looking email
message that attempts to obtain your personal and/or financial
information.
Click jacking
o And object that can be clicked on a website, such as button, image, or
link, contains a malicious program.
Spyware
o Is a program place on a computer or mobile device without the users
knowledge that secretly collects information about the user and then
communicates the information it collects to some outside source while
the user is online.
Adware
o Is a program that displays an online advertisement in a banner or popup window on webpages, email messages, or other internet services.
o Mad ware
Is adware on mobile phones
Social engineering
o Is defined as gaining unauthorized access to or obtaining confidential
information by taking advantage of the trusting human nature of some
victims and the naivety of others.
Employee monitoring
o Involves the use of computers, mobile devices, or cameras to observe,
record, and review an employees use of a technology, including
communications such as email messages, keyboard activity (used to
measure productivity), and websites visited.
Content filtering
o Is the process of restricting access to certain material.
o Use content filtering to limit employees web access.
Web filtering software
o Is a program that restricts access to specified websites.
o