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TOPIC TITLE: AIDS, CANCER, AND SARS

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the topic session, the students should be able to:
1. identify the causes and symptoms of, as well as the treatment for
AIDS, Cancer and SARS, and
2. learn how they can be prevented.
MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT:
o
o
o

Computer
LCD projector
File/s (13 Aids, Cancer, and SARS)
13 Presentation.pps
13 Video 1.mp4
13 Quiz 1.pdf
Software requirements
MS PowerPoint
Windows Media Player

TOPIC PREPARATION:
o
o

Read about the topics to be discussed.

Make sure that 13 Video 1.mp4 is located at the same folder as
the slide presentation.

PRESENTATION OVERVIEW:
A. Motivation
10 min
B. Instructional Input
AIDS
40 min
a. Explain its meaning, causes, symptoms, treatment, and
prevention
b. Relate the sickness to psychology
Cancer
40 min
a. Explain its meaning, causes, symptoms, treatment, and
prevention
b. Relate the sickness to psychology
SARS
40 min
a. Explain its meaning, causes, symptoms, treatment, and
prevention
b. Relate the sickness to psychology
C. Generalization
5 min
D. Evaluation
5 min
Total duration
180 min
TOPIC PRESENTATION:
Motivation
1. Ask students if they know of famous people who admittedly has
cancer. Ask the students the kind of cancer that person has, possible
causes, and the kind of lifestyle that person has before and after
diagnosis.

Aids, Cancer, and SARS

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2. After sharing stories, tell the students that cancer is one of the many
diseases that are fast proliferating. Ask them if they ever wonder why
new diseases, such as this, spread in the world these days. The
lifestyle and possible vices (such as smoking and too much drinking)
of a person can cause life-threatening diseases such as cancer.
Slide 1
AIDS, Cancer, SARS

AIDS
Cancer
SARS

3. Ask the students what other new diseases they know of. Tell them
that the group will discuss three of the most infamous diseases of this
time such as AIDS, cancer, and SARS. Display slide 1.
B. Instructional Input
AIDS
1. Ask students what does AIDS stand for and what do they know about
the disease. Display slides 2 and 3.

Slide 2
AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
o
o

acquired - you can get infected with it

immune deficiency - a weakness in the bodys
system that fights diseases
syndrome - a group of health problems that make
up a disease

Slide 3
AIDS
the sixth leading cause of death among people
ages 25 to 44 in the United States
3,700 Filipinos have died of AIDS-related
causes since 1984
the Philippine government celebrates AIDS
Awareness Month every December

Slide 4
AIDS
caused by a virus called Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
which attacks the immune system
leaving the body vulnerable to a
variety of life-threatening
infections

AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.

Acquired means it is not inherited or present at birth but develops
after birth; immune deficiency means a weakness in the bodys
system that fights diseases; and syndrome means a group of
health problems that make up a disease.
AIDS is the sixth leading cause of death among people ages 25
to 44 in the United States. Since 1984, some 3,700 Filipinos have
died of AIDS-related causes (Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2011).
The Philippine government celebrates AIDS Awareness Month
every December.
2. Ask the students what they think are the causes of AIDS. Discuss the
answers. Display slide 4.
AIDS is caused by a virus called Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV). This virus attacks the immune system leaving the body
vulnerable to a variety of life-threatening infections. When this
happens, viruses, parasites, fungi, and bacteria that dont usually
cause any problems can damage the HIV-positive person. In this
case, the infection that results from them is called opportunistic
because they take advantage of the opportunity offered by a
weakened immune system. AIDS is the most advanced stage of
infection with HIV,
Strictly speaking, people do not die of AIDS but of the diseases to
which AIDS make them vulnerable to.
HIV has been found in saliva, tears, nervous system tissue and
spinal fluid, blood, semen (including pre-seminal fluid, which is
the liquid that comes out before ejaculation), vaginal fluid, and
breast milk. However, only blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and
breast milk generally transmits infection to others.

Slide 5
AIDS: Myths
Myth 1: HIV can be acquired by being around
people who are HIV-positive.
You cannot catch HIV by:
being in the same room with an HIV-positive
person,
hugging, kissing, shaking hands with an HIVpositive person,
sharing utensils with an HIV-positive person, and
touching a toilet seat or doorknob handle after an
HIV-positive person.

Aids, Cancer, and SARS

3. Before discussing how AIDS is transmitted, ask students the common

misconceptions or myths on how a person can acquire the disease.
Display slides 5 and 6.
Myth 1: HIV can be acquired by being around people who are
HIV-positive.
A person cannot catch HIV by:

being in the same room with an HIV-positive person,

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Slide 6
AIDS: Myths
Myth 2: HIV can be acquired from mosquitoes.
there are no evidence to support that
bloodsucking or biting insects can spread HIV
when insects bite, they do not inject the blood
of the person or animal they have last bitten

hugging, kissing, shaking hands with an HIV-positive

person,

sharing utensils with an HIV-positive person, and

touching a toilet seat or doorknob handle after an HIVpositive person.

Myth 2: HIV can be acquired from mosquitoes.

There is no evidence to support that blood-sucking or biting
insects can spread HIV. When insects bite, they do not inject the
blood of the person or animal they have last bitten.
4. Discuss how AIDS/HIV can be acquired or transmitted. Display slide
7.

Slide 7

The virus can be spread or be transmitted through sexual contact

including oral, vaginal, and anal sex; blood transfusions or needle
sharing; or from mother to child. A pregnant woman can transmit
the virus to her fetus through their shared blood circulation, or a
nursing mother can transmit it to her baby in her breast milk.
In our liberated world today, it is no wonder why AIDS spread
rapidly. Sex nowadays is usually exhibited by the mass media.
Premarital sex is also widespread because of different factors
such as mass media, peer pressure, broken families and others.
With these, the sacredness of sex loses its meaning and people
have the tendency to become promiscuous.

Slide 8
AIDS: Symptoms
the worst flu ever - acute retroviral syndrome
(ARS) or primary HIV infection
chills
fevers
sweats (particularly at night)
swollen lymph glands
weakness
weight loss
sore throat
ulcers in the mouth

4. Discuss the symptoms of AIDS. Display slide 8 in discussing the

information below.
AIDS begins with HIV infection. Many HIV-positive people do not
have symptoms. Some only begin to get sick when the infection
progresses into AIDS.
A person can experience the worst flu ever as early as two to
four weeks after exposure to an HIV-positive person. This is
called acute retroviral syndrome (ARS) or primary HIV infection.
However, not all HIV infected person gets ARS.
Common symptoms are:
Chills
Fevers
Sweats (particularly at night)
Swollen lymph glands
Weakness
Weight loss
Sore throat
Ulcers in the mouth
Only a blood test can determine if a person is HIV infected.
After the initial infection, the virus becomes less active in the
body. This period is called the latency or chronic phase. Many
people do not experience any symptoms for more than 10 years.
The symptoms of AIDS are primarily the result of infections that
do not normally develop in individuals with healthy immune

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systems. These are called opportunistic infections. Opportunistic

infections occur in patients with damaged immune system.
5. Discuss the treatment of AIDS.
There is no cure for AIDS at this time. However, a variety of
treatments are available that can help keep symptoms at bay and
improve the quality of life for those who have already developed
symptoms.
Antiretroviral therapy suppresses the replication of the HIV virus
in the body. A combination of several antiretroviral drugs, called
highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), has been very
effective in reducing the number of HIV particles in the
bloodstream.
Joining support groups where members share common
experiences and problems can often help the emotional stress of
devastating illnesses.
Slide 9
AIDS: Prevention
Abstain from sex or delay
first sex.
Be faithful to one partner.
Practice healthy sexual
relationships and safer sex.
Do not share needles.
Prevent unwanted
pregnancies.

6. Ask students the ways to prevent AIDS. You may use the information
below to support their answers. Display slide 9.
HIV infection can be prevented by taking appropriate
precautions such as the following:

Abstain from sex or delay first sex. This is the most

effective way to avoid getting AIDS through sexual
contact.

Be faithful to one partner. HIV infection should not occur if

both partners are tested negative of HIV.

Practice healthy sexual relationships and safer sex.

Condoms can help prevent potential contact with blood,
vaginal fluid, pre-seminal fluid or semen.

Do not share needles. Needles used for illegal drug use

and in the administration of prescription drugs at home
must not be shared with anyone and must be safely
disposed to avoid transfusion of infected blood.
Transfusion of infected blood is the quickest way to
transmit HIV.

Prevent unwanted pregnancies. This may help reduce the

number of babies infected with HIV. The World Health
Organization advises mothers with HIV not to breastfeed
their babies to prevent mother-to-child transmissions.

7. Ask students the role of psychology with this illness and then discuss
the information below.
The importance of HIV for psychology education is that it puts
researchers in touch with a number of broad trends in public
health: the early identification of people who engage in highrisk behaviors; rising expectations for successful behavior
change programs; increases in chronic disease that require
management; the shift to community and, public health
perspectives; and the global scale of health problems
(Chesney, 1993).

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Psychologists have an important role in responding to the

HIV/AIDS epidemic. They are trained professionals devoted
to the study of the human behavior and in designing
behavioral change strategies in response to the AIDS
epidemic. They can develop a structured coping program that
helps people accept the diagnosis and plan for the future to
minimize depression and isolation. They study the behaviors
that contribute to the transmission of HIV/AIDS, and they
identify behavioral patterns to reduce the risk of transmitting
the fatal disease as there is no cure for HIV/AIDS.
Cancer
1. Ask students the common types of cancer they know. Possible
answers may include breast cancer, lung cancer, and leukemia.
Afterwards, ask them what they know about cancer.
Slide 10
Cancer
the general name for a group of more than 100
diseases
start because abnormal cells grow out of control
cancer cells continue to grow and form new,
abnormal cells

2. Discuss cancer. Display slide 10.

Cancer is the general name for a group of more than 100
diseases. Although there are many kinds of cancer, all
cancers start because abnormal cells grow out of control.
Cancer cell growth is different from normal cell growth.
Instead of dying, cancer cells continue to grow and form new,
abnormal cells. Cancer cells can also invade (grow into) other
tissues, something that normal cells cannot do. Growing out
of control and invading other tissues are what makes a cell a
cancer cell. Cells become cancer cells because of the
damage in the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA is in every
cell and it directs all the cells actions. In a normal cell, when
DNA gets damaged the cell either repairs the damage or the
cell dies. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA is not repaired;
instead, the cell goes on making new cells that the body
doesnt need. These new cells all have the same abnormal
DNA as the first cell does.

Slide 11
Cancer: Causes
Genetic makeup - the abnormal gene that causes
cancer may be passed from one generation to another
Cancer causing substances (carcinogens) - commonly
known carcinogens include tobacco smoke, asbestos,
certain pesticides, and arsenic
Age - the longer the person lives, the more time there
is for genetic mistakes to happen to the cells
Lifestyle and physical activity - excess weight causes
the body to produce and circulate more estrogen and
insulin, hormones that can stimulate cancer growth

3. Ask the students the possible causes of the common types of cancer
they mentioned in #1. Display slides 11 and 12.
Cancer may be caused by something in the environment.
Sometimes, the lifestyle of a person may have a big effect on
ones health. Below are the common causes of cancer.

Genetic makeup it is not uncommon that most families

have at least a few members who have had cancer. The
abnormal gene that causes cancer may be passed from
one generation to another. Any abnormal change in a
gene is called mutation. Inherited gene mutations are
passed from parent to a child through the egg or the
sperm. There are some born with one of these mutations
already.
Cancer is more concerning if the people with cancer are
related to each other. The chance of passing cancer gets
even higher.

Aids, Cancer, and SARS

Cancer causing substances (carcinogens) a carcinogen

is any substance or agent that is capable of causing
cancer. Some commonly known carcinogens include
tobacco smoke, asbestos, certain pesticides, and arsenic.

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These carcinogens can be found in snack foods and

drinks to plastics and everyday products. Thus, it is
difficult to figure out if the cause of cancer is from a
certain product as carcinogens are found in almost all
consumer products.

Slide 12

Age the longer the person lives, the more time there is
for genetic mistakes to happen to the cells. For a cell to
become cancerous, a number of changes can happen to
it especially during cell division such as mutation of the
genetic material of normal cells.

Lifestyle and physical activity research shows that poor

diet and lack of physical activity are two key factors that
increase a persons risk of getting cancer. According to
the American Cancer Society, excess weight causes the
body to produce and circulate more estrogen and insulin,
hormones
that
can
stimulate
cancer
growth.
Consequently, smoking and too much alcohol intake can
also increase the risk of developing certain types of
cancer.

Viruses it can cause genetic changes in cells that make

them more likely to become cancerous. Some types of
cancers that are linked to viruses are:

Cancer: Causes
Viruses - can cause genetic changes in cells that

make them more likely to become cancerous

o
o

cervical cancer from the human papilloma virus

primary liver cancer - from hepatitis B and C
viruses
T cell leukemia from the human T cell leukemia
virus

Slide 13
Cancer: Common Types

T cell leukemia from the human T cell leukemia

virus.

from hepatitis B and C

Leukemia it is the cancer of the white blood cells which

are produced by the bone marrow. People with leukemia
may easily become bruised, bleed excessively or develop
pinprick bleeds due to the lack of blood platelets in the
body which are important in the blood clotting process.

Breast cancer - it is a type of cancer that originates from

the breast tissue specifically from the inner lining of milk
ducts or lobules that supply the ducts with milk. It is the
most common cancer in women.

Colon cancer it is also called bowel cancer or colorectal

cancer. It is a cancer from uncontrolled cell growth in the
colon, or rectum, or appendix. Symptoms include rectal
bleeding and anemia, weight loss, and changes in bowel
habits.

Prostate cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the

prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system. This
type of cancer may cause pain, difficulty in urinating,

Colon cancer also called bowel cancer or colorectal

cancer; it is a cancer from uncontrolled cell growth
in the colon, or rectum, or appendix

Aids, Cancer, and SARS

primary liver cancer viruses

Lung cancer it is also called cancer of the bronchus and

is mostly related to cigarette smoking. It forms in the
tissues of the cells lining the air passages.

Cancer: Common Types

Prostate cancer originates in the prostate, a gland

in the male reproductive system

Leukemia - the cancer of the white blood cells which are

produced by the bone marrow

Slide 14

cervical cancer from the human papilloma virus

4. Identify the common types of cancer. Display slides 13 and 14.

Lung cancer - also called cancer of the bronchus and it

forms in the tissues of the cells lining the air passages

Breast cancer - originates from the breast tissue

specifically from the inner lining of milk ducts or
lobules that supply the ducts with milk

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problems during
dysfunction.

sexual

intercourse

or

erectile

5. Discuss the signs and symptoms of cancer based from the American
Cancer Society.
The signs and symptoms of cancer will depend on where the
cancer is, how big the tumor is or how severe the cancer is,
and how much it affects the organs or tissues. If a cancer has
spread (metastasized), signs or symptoms may appear in
different parts of the body. A tumor can develop if the cells
divide excessively or abnormally in the body. It can be benign
(lacks the ability to metastasize) or malignant (tendency to
become worse).
As cancer grows, the tumor can begin to push on nearby
organs, blood vessels, and nerves. This pressure causes
some of the signs and symptoms of cancer. If the cancer is in
a critical area, such as certain parts of the brain, even the
smallest tumor can cause symptoms.
But sometimes cancer starts in places where it will not cause
any symptoms until it has grown quite large. One example is
cancer in the pancreas. They usually do not cause symptoms
until the tumor grows large enough to press on nearby nerves
or organs (this causes back or belly pain). Others grow
around the bile duct and block the flow of bile. This causes
the eyes and skin to look yellow (jaundice). By the time a
pancreatic cancer causes these signs or symptoms, it is
usually in an advanced stage. This means it has grown and
spread beyond the place it started -- the pancreas.
A cancer may also cause symptoms like fever, extreme
exhaustion (fatigue), or weight loss. This may be because
cancer cells use up much of the body's energy supply, or they
may release substances that change the way the body makes
energy from food. Or the cancer cells may cause the immune
system to react in ways that produce these symptoms.
Sometimes, cancer cells release substances into the
bloodstream that cause symptoms which are not usually
linked to cancer. For example, some cancers of the pancreas
can release substances which cause blood clots in veins of
the legs. Some lung cancers make hormone-like substances
that raise blood calcium levels. This affects nerves and
muscles, making the person feel weak and dizzy.
Slide 15
Cancer: Common Treatment
Chemotherapy - uses drugs to destroy cancer cells
Radiation therapy a cancer treatment which uses
radiation from special machines or from radioactive
substances that a doctor place on ones body
Bone marrow transplant - a procedure done to
replace damaged or destroyed bone marrow with
healthy bone marrow stem cells

Aids, Cancer, and SARS

6. Ask students the common treatment for cancer they are familiar with.
If they know people with cancer, you may let them share their
experiences and observations on how the people they know deal with
their disease. Display slide 15.

Chemotherapy - a type of treatment which uses drugs to

destroy cancer cells. It works by stopping the growth of
cancer cells but may also harm health cells such as those
that line the mouth and intestines, and those that cause
the hair to grow.

Radiation therapy a cancer treatment which uses

radiation (form of energy released in particles or waves)
to kill cancer cells and reduce tumors. Radiation comes

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from special machines or from radioactive substances

that a doctor place on ones body.

Bone marrow transplant - a procedure done to replace

damaged or destroyed bone marrow with healthy bone
marrow stem cells. Stem cells give rise to all the blood
cells. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy may be given
before the bone marrow transplant procedure.

7. Discuss the relationship of psychology and cancer.

People who are diagnosed with cancer or any other terminal
illness often undergo emotional difficulty from accepting
variety of changes that come from such a diagnosis. The
anguish the cancer patient feels on the diagnosis, the fear
which the disease causes to the patient and his/her family,
and the subsequent low self-esteem that the cancer patient
might feel can be incredibly frustrating and stressful. Cancer
patients and their families need psychological support to
overcome the period of anguish and that they may accept to
be helped to:

avoid giving up,

find the energy to fight for survival against cancer,

avoid becoming overwhelmed by stress which may

worsen or slowdown recovery,

avoid sinking into depression, and

stay involved with relatives, families, partner, and

children in facing the challenge or resuming life
activities.

SARS
Slide 16

1. Let the students watch a short video about the outbreak of SARS.
Click the square in the middle of slide 16 to play the video.
2. Ask students what they know of SARS. Use the information below to
discuss SARS. Display slide 17.

Slide 17
SARS
stands for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
an atypical pneumonia or a viral respiratory illness
caused by a coronavirus, called SARS-associated
coronavirus (SARS-CoV)

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is an atypical

pneumonia or a viral respiratory illness caused by a
coronavirus, called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARSCoV). It first infected people in parts of Asia such as Vietnam
and China, North America, and Europe in late 2002 and early
2003. Experts believe that it may have first developed in
animals because the virus has been found in civets a catlike
wild animal that is eaten as a delicacy in China.
3. Identify the signs and symptoms of SARS. Display slide 18.
Signs and symptoms of SARS include the following:

Aids, Cancer, and SARS

dry cough,

shortness of breath or breathing difficulties,

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SARS
stands for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
an atypical pneumonia or a viral respiratory illness
caused by a coronavirus, called SARS-associated
coronavirus (SARS-CoV)

high fever (greater than 38 degrees C),

headache,

body aches, and

pneumonia.

4. Discuss how a person can acquire SARS. Display slide 19.

SARS seems to spread mainly by close person-to-person
contact. When an infected person coughs or sneezes, they
send droplets of mucus or saliva that contain the virus
through the air. You could get SARS if the droplets land on
your mouth, nose or eyes. Kissing, touching, sharing utensils
for eating and drinking, or talking with an infected person can
also put you at risk.

Slide 19

Frequently washing your hands with soap and water might

help prevent infection if you travel to countries with SARS.
5. Ask students how SARS can be treated. Use the information below
for further discussion.
A person with severe SARS infection is forced to stay in
isolation in a hospital to prevent passing the disease to
others. Medicines such as corticosteroids and antiviral
ribavirin have been used to treat SARS. The antiviral
medicine interferon alfacon-1 taken along with corticosteroids
may help cure SARS by increasing the amount of oxygen in
the blood.
6. Ask students their opinion regarding the following quote from Zhong
Nanshan, Director of Guangzhou Respirator Research in China:
Psychological fear is more fearful than the disease [severe acute
respiratory syndrome] itself. Afterwards, discuss the psychological
response to the outbreak of SARS in Asian countries where SARS
was endemic.
For the general public, the psychological impact of SARS may
have been greater than the physical health danger of the
disease. During the outbreak, SARS phobia emerged aside
from the actual disease itself. Many people especially in Hong
Kong became panic-stricken as they mob stores to buy
necessities due to the claim of a hoaxer that hijacked a major
newspaper website that Hong Kong will be sealed off from the
rest of the world. Moreover, some people claim that SARS
was similar to the September 11 tragedy in the US and to the
1918 flu pandemic that killed 50 million people. The analogy
was due to the number of considerable deaths and economic
turmoil brought about by the disease. Also, the media
publicized SARS as a lethal pneumonia or killer pneumonia.
The disease brought about psychological distress, job stress,
social isolation, and health fears to the general public
especially to healthcare workers.

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Slide 20

Promotion of health lifestyles should be linked with specific

health problems.
Life skill education must be stressed in schools.
Family, schools, community, and peer-group must provide a
range of positive behavior for the individual.
The whole population must be addressed especially the highrisk groups in promoting a healthy lifestyle.
The national government must develop clear strategies and
strong policies on national health programs.

Generalization
1. State that the public must be made aware of the link between health
and ones lifestyle. The World Health Organization defined healthy
lifestyles as collective patterns of health-related behavior, based on
choices made from available options. This suggests that health is
related to choice of lifestyle. As lifestyles reflect both individual
choice and the norms and values of a particular group or community,
promotion of healthy lifestyles should be directed to both the
individual and the community. The focus should be more on the
community to provide a favorable structural and social environment,
which offers healthy alternatives. Display slide 20 as you discuss the
information below.
Below are the strategies which the WHO advocates:

Promotion of healthy lifestyles should be linked with

specific health problems. As an example, proper nutrition
can be linked to hypertension, heart attacks, and even
selected cancers.

Life skill education must be stressed in schools. Life

Skills-Based Education (LSBE) refers to an interactive
process of teaching and learning which enables learners
to acquire knowledge and to develop attitudes and skills
which support the adoption of healthy behaviors (Unicef,
2012).

Family, schools, community, and peer-group must

provide a range of positive behavior for the individual
together with positive reinforcement.

The whole population must be addressed especially the

high-risk groups in promoting a healthy lifestyle.

The national government must develop clear strategies

and strong policies on national health programs.

C. Evaluation
1. Give 13 Quiz 1 to students to check their understanding of the topic
discussed.
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Ciccarelli, Saundra K., & Meyer, Glenn E. (2007). Understanding
Psychology. Jurong, Singapore: Pearson Education South Asia.
Kring, A., Johnson, S., Davison, G., & Neale J. (2010). Abnormal
Psychology (11th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
N.A. (n.d.) What is AIDS? Retrieved May 17, 2012 from
http://www.aids.org/topics/aids-factsheets/aids-backgroundinformation/what-is-aids/
Dugdale, David III, MD, & Vyas, Jatin, MD. AIDS. Retrieved May 17,
2012 from
http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/aids/overview.html

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N.A. (n.d.) AIDS. Retrieved May 17, 2012 from

http://www.avert.org/aids.htm
N.A. (n.d.) What is Cancer? What causes Cancer? Retrieved May 17,
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N.A. (n.d.) About Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).Retrieved
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.) Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome. Retrieved May 17, 2012 from
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Cagape, Elmer. (May 24, 2003). The Problem of SARS in the Philippines.
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N.A. (October 2, 2005). Information about SARS in the Philippines.
Retrieved May 17, 2012 from http://www.pinoysites.org/phil491.htm
World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia. (2012).
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Esplanada, Jerry E. (2012). UN notes sharp rise in HIV cases in
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Chesney, M. A. (1993). Health psychology in the 21st century: Acquired
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